Corporate and brand strategy of Indian telecommunications organization

Corporate and divergentiate strategy of Indian tele communions brass instrumentIDEA cellular circumscribed entered to b al iodine of Indian Tele communication in course of instruction 2002 after a immense serial publication of businesses and collaborations with other companies and groups under Birla group of companies.1Since then, the company has kept its core center of attention on maximizing the proofreader prime and gain upper limit sh are in the GSM smooth serve food market .The major brand recognition happened after bollywood actor Abhishek Bachchan became the brand ambassador with slogan- An root word fanny veer your life with sundry(a) ground-breaking adverstiments curiously to attract rural people in countryFor this assignment, training was gathered from various online sources and books. I get-go explained the corporate and brand strategy for the pissed and then analyzed the firms strengths and weaknesses by conducting a SWOT analysis. The attached mis treat was to design the marketing strategy for the firm. I positioned the marketing goals and objectives and evaluate the 4 Ps of the firm and then developed the 4 Ps that the firm would utilize in the next year. The final step was let down-rankingd on 7Cs to analysis the company website which helped to developed online strategy for thinking.Industry epitomeSubscriber base AnalysisAs per telecom regulatory authority of India overcompensate by October 2010 total subscriber info make passed 742.12 million out of which wireless(prenominal) subscriber base reaches 706.69 with over any increase of 2.61% from last year.2As publish latest performance indicator report for quarter April-June 2010 YOY growth is 48.73%3In rural India teledensity for wireless recollect subscribers is 33.0% where as in urban areas teledensity is 67.0%Top players in wireless telephone subscribers are Bharti, Reliance, Vodafone, Tata and sentiment vagary is no.5 player contri moreoveres 10.76% to total I ndian Telecom wireless industry.Average tax revenue Per User (ARPU) has dropped by 7% over the last quarterMOU for clients dropped to 2.2% as compared to last quarter results.Source Telephone Regulatory potential of India Press Release from May 2010 to October 2010Reasons for growth in telecom serveEscalating telecom portions with up(a) infrastructure.Introducing new and new service providers.Declining tariffs due to increase in competition to attract lots of guests. trim back handset appeals help in the growth of the industry.Company Analysis composition cellular Limited (DEA) is one of the leading meandering(a) service provider in India with number of subscribers 74.2 million as on Sept,2010 . Idea is in 11 out of 22 service areas, covering 80% of the national subscriber base.4. It is the one of the fastest growing wandering(a) service in India. Idea offers number of function as per client needs with some unique feature like-womens card for fussy need of woman (always necessity to talks more),youth card for one-year-old generation of India. Recently idea is awarded with 3G range in 11 major areas out of 22 in India with cover major revenues of Idea.Source Telephone Regulatory Authority of India report as on 30.10.2010Mission StatementWe will delight our customers while meeting their soulfulness communication needs anytime anywhere. We survive beca utilize of our customers.Porters 5 Force Model(book detail)work required from allessays-incompletedCategoryImpactCauseThreat of saucily EntrantsHighRules are set by TRAI for new entrants in telecommunication sector .And competition is increase as new and new entrants are emerging in the market which will give-up the ghost a big challenge for Idea.Bargaining motive of SuppliersLowCause of service based industry few suppliers are in the market and supplier lacks bargaining power is pitiable. on that point is huge competition in the market for suppliers for hardware supplies (handsets) and software supplies ( erratic software or operations) which makes the bargain power low for suppliers.Bargaining Power of BuyersHighIncrease of customer awareness for new offers from distinguishable brands and number of options available to them to choose the lift out for themselves, increase in competition make lots of options available to customers which increase the braining power of buyers.SubstitutesLowVOIP, receiving set and satellites function have negligible effect on mobile phone operations as they understructure provide the touch onivity when on the move and in turn act as substitute for mobile phones. It sum threats from substitutes is low.RivalryHighHigh Price Competition, High agitate Rate and Promotional offers from competitors are genuinely weak to attract the customers in this industry which gives high rivalry rate.SWOT AnalysisCompetitor Analysis smooth Industry is booming in India with new companies entering e truly year. Currently the pattern follows by Indian Tele communication is having metro with highest presence of all major telecommunication companies followed by Circle A and B with presence of only major players and lowest Circle mainly rural areas where only govt jump like BSNL operates. With this heavy competition companies are trying their lift out to find appropriate positions of distinguish their products. There are a few pan-national players like Idea while some are boil downd to bad-tempered areas.Idea main condense areas are voice and data traffic and unique VAS operate which are primarily through prepaid talk time plans. The lack of brand loyalty among consumers let competition stronger and stronger in the market. The major Competitors for Idea areBharti AirtelRelianceVodafoneTataBSNLSegmentationIdea cellular provides GSM mobile services in different regions across various circles. The consumer market for mobile services is majorly segmented asGeographyIndian telecom industry is divided into 22 main circles and Idea opera tes in all sector offering different and customised services according to circle .for eg for Punjab circle it provide customised services as Punjab are users and same for other circles as per their requirements. Even there is distinguished between rural and urban area users. Idea mainly pe electronic networkrates towards rural areasDemographicCustomers are segmented according to their ages and Idea offers mobile services whence to age and gender. Young customer between age 15-25 years require less cost and high usage where Idea offer young cards to these age group customers. akin for males and females segment they have different attitudes to use of mobile phones. Considering this Idea offer women cards where with low cost women cigaret talk for long time.BehavioralOn the basis of user type customer can segmented corporate or individual .Idea offer special facilities for people belong to same organizationOn basis of usage rate customers can segmented as light (dont use mobile much ), medium and heavy (use mobile very frequently) and Idea provide special benefits to such(prenominal)(prenominal) type of users.On basis of user status customers are segmented as first time users and regular brand loyal customers. Idea offers lots of different cards and benefits for first time user so that they become brand loyal and come apart and new offers to regular customers to maintain their brand loyalty.BenefitsCustomers mainly classified on basis of their level of customization and the type of services they required. Few customers always prefer to have hassle giving and simple plans mainly the old group and few customers always prefer regular customized plan accordingly to their requirements and usage timing. For some customer interlocking and connectivity is more important rather than any plans and offers.Target foodstuffIdea follows on multi segment approach working on the demands of different segment areas.To target jejuneness or young people between the age 15 to 25 years, Idea started My-Gang Pre-Paid card on which the local group calls rate 10 paisa per minute and message one paisa per minute.To attract women Idea infix Women card which provide offers like emergency calling, calling at the rate of 50/min from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.(kitty party rates).Idea non only young and women customers but offers lots of customized products to provide to various different segmentation of people like lovers, business people, old age people, low income people food market Position and BrandingBrand StrategyInnovate. Stimulate. Liberate.5The telecom industry is growing at a very rapid pace. As per the Ansoff Product (book details)- IDEA going along with the Market Development Strategy. Main focus of Idea is to target new markets for egrural area of India. Idea mobile provides affordable and reliable services with efficient and stable network in count to, innovative and customised products that set free customers from limitations of timeThe different ad campai gns based on An Idea can change your life (finally a ad series called what an idea sirji) mainly focused towards creating new ideas, raise awareness and provide solutions to social issues which brings the presence of Ideas network in depth everywhere across India. Yet to explainMarketing Mix1.ProductIdea Cellular provides services likeVoice and SMS service Idea offers voice and SMS services at very competitory prices to its customers. Starting with services in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, it has now expanded its network to all major circles.Value Added work To achieve customer loyalty Idea offer Value Added Services (VAS) major targets women, business people, and young people. Major VAS services includesGPRS Witht he increase in internet usage, Idea offer GPRS service to its customer where they use internet whenever they required on their mobile phones and even it offers customers to access mail with actual time synchronization with mail server specially for business users. Idea Radio Idea in collaboration with Radio to offer its customer radio services on mobile.Music Messaging Cellular Jockey is service where you can send music SMS to your friends and loved one. some other Value Added Services Other services include live TV streaming, easy billing option, payment by mobile of public utility company bills, travel booking etc.Wireless Internet Idea provide wirless serives uder name of Idea net setter in form of plug and play which is simply a USB which require no particular(a) installation to surf internetStrategy for next yearFollowing the traits, mobile market could reach maturity in next 5-6 years where then differentiation should base only on the services mobile companies provided. So for coming years Idea mobiles should concentrate more on urban market as well with new service offering as presently Idea is more concentrate to rural market.. The following could be some new features they should considerIdea can come up with new and attractive plans like few years back they introduced caller tunes which really attracted people but at extra costs now in coming time they should provide these services as a part of basic packages.Like other countries they should tie up with mobile manufacturing companies to provide handset along with sim cards and packages.To invest more in rural market they should provide basic development like weather upates,news free of cost cause major of the rural India people depends upon farming.2. Priceprice strategy and ImplementationOne of the main impact of increased competition is the price wars among companies which result to lower their prices (1paise per second), to survive in the market. Idea should also follow the same pricing strategy to remain in the market because customer who choose idea for low price will else move to other low price mobile service providers which is further aggravated by soon with introduction of MNP (mobile number portability) where customer dont require to change their nu mber. However financial implications of pricing model will affect the overall positiveness of company.This turn down is mainly determined by two factors reduced tariff and customer is bill on per second rather than per minute because previously when a customer talked for 10 seconds he was charged for one minute but now if the customer calls for only 10 second then he will charged for 10 second only. These low levels of margins are not sustainable in the long term, where after some time they have to increase their prices to sustain in market. Although Idea can recess up on its profitability by reducing operating costs. Idea should try to focus on its major rural market by reducing prices and contain loyal to brand3. Place targetIdea Cellular operates in all 22 service areas/circles parts where more than 76% revenue comes from areas like Delhi, AP, Gujarat, MP, UP, Haryana, KeralaSource The Telephone regulatory auhotirty of India Press release for subscriber base as on 30.10.2010 The medium of service distribution is as followsMy Idea and Idea Zone The direct retail shops from Idea which provide all services from get new connection to pay bills recharge topups, plan change, buying wirless services or idea products. These outlets are located within the city area to cover maximum users.Local Retailers The authorised distributors of Idea services located anywhere in the city. They only provide services like new connections and recharge top ups but not deal in services special like lost SIM replacement, customer complaint handling etc. At some of these shops, there are facilities for bill payment and cheque drop box.Internet The Company can also obtain all information from Idea website.Custmoers can also pay their bills, buy top ups.Strategy for next yearSetup more and more My Idea stores, and Idea Zones which help them to directly interact with the customers provide better solutions to theory requests.Open kiosk at important places for bill payment and complai nt registrations.Because of India law for protective cover norms, process for apllying new connection is still manual, Idea should try to ease the process to increase the customer experience.4.PromotionObjectiveMost of the mobile companies are providing almost same type of services with few modifications. In this case it is really important to position your brand as best as possible and for this the best idea is to promote the brand with best multimedia campaign and market communication. The objective of campaigns is to go by the customer various new plans, their features, and promotions.Message and Creative strategyIdea has developed the whole marketing communication around social issues. The use of brand name Idea in its tagline An Idea can change your life is well placed.It mainly follows two different strategies of creating brand awareness and creating and loyialty for brand purchase planTransformational appeal To create brand awareness, they emphasize to stir up emotions tha t will motivate purchase peculiarly in rural areas. For example a 90-second advertisement, where a girl is denied to join the work because of non availability, Abhishek Bachchan who is the principal of the school comes up with idea of starting mobile classes. The students will gather around a mobile to apprehend the lessons and teachers communicate wirelessly. To make interest, they just showed only a 10 second teaser for first few days and after creating a curiosity among the audience they aired full 90 second commercial.Informational appeal To create and facilitate brand purchase intention, idea designs campaigns which elaborate product attributes or benefits. In such kind of campaign major attributes like call rates or other benefits such as free talk-time or value added services are highlighted. To fulfil this end they go for product comparing ads (for example to communicate the benefits of womens calling card they developed a campaign which depicts women from different back grounds having different life-style using their Idea womens calling card to fulfil their different needs such as advice, guarantor and beauty tips). To get the attention of the target audience, first half of the commercial is shot in a background of 1960s i.e. in retro environment.Communication ChannelsMass MediaTelevisionIdea follows a mass marketing strategy like all other brands because this medium has highest reach in the country. To communicate through this channelIdea buys television slots from 10 sec to 90 sec in notable TV shows. The concept of advertisement is created by agency Lowe Lintas, Idea choose Abhishek Bachan as their brand ambassador.Idea also sponsors sports events such as that of IPL (became one of the sponsor of Mumbai Indians) which are broadcasted on the TV and watched by millions.Idea sponsors famous award functions and TV reality shows Idea Khataron Ke Khiladi- Part 2, Idea Bharat Ki Shaan on DD, Idea IIFA awards, Idea Filmfare Awards etc. which helps in improving brand image.Print MediaThis is mainly used to highlight plans and offers. Whenever a new plan is launched, Idea give full page ads in the leading newspapers and on regular bases Idea give ads about different tariffs and plans.Billboards and HoardingsIdea places its billboards and hoardings at several places in the city such as on a roadside near a traffic light or on highways. The design is customised according to the region. This helps the company in connecting with the diverse target audience at a local level.Tie up with IOCIdea also tied up with Indian Oil Corporation to use their petrol pumps and gas agencies for branding and distribution of Idea sim cards and recharge vouchers.Online advertisementIdea comes up with different campaigns on internet websites from time to time to interact and connect with large online youth community.Mobile advertisementIdea runs several campaigns and contests on mobile to engage existing customers and reward them through financial priz e, thus, reinforcing the relation of Idea with the customer.7 Cs of marketing (book model in appendix)The website of Idea Cellular services is http//www.ideacellular.com/. The website analysis on the basis of 7 Cs of marketing is as followsContractIdea website is divided into nine sections including Home, Prepaid, Postpaid, VAS and Roaming, Business offerings, Customer care, Blackberry, Wireless internet, investors. Website is not too complex and easy to scan even for a person who dont know much about using of internet sites for getting information and can pay online bills indicates that Ideas believe in simplicity for the sake of customers.ContentThe content of website is quite useful and presents all the necessary information to customers as well as investors. It covers like company history, major events, solicit releases, company mission, values, products etc for everyone. From investors prospective it covers sharing holding pattern, Annual reports, presentations etc.Idea user s can login for their personal account in website for make details, update them, paying bills etc. Overall it provides required the valuable informationConstructionThe website is user lucky and easy to use. Connectivity to different tabs is accessible on home page as well as individual tabs itself. All tabs/sections provide simple and direct meaning about their significance.CommunityThere are different types of communities which keep on entering the market to let people connect. Idea will let you to connect to facebook as well now. Presently people can part of Kaho whats your idea community.CustomizationPresently Idea website does not let any customization of any products or plans. If user want any change in their mobile phone plans they have to visit Idea retail outlets The only option available is that people can register their themselves for new connections on available plans or edit their personal details.CommunicationThere is one common tab appear as a banner for all sections of website run five(presently) promotional advertisements which keep on changing about new plans, products, offers of the company. These advertisements are comparatively of short duration (few seconds).The website is not loud-mouthed to support the Idea of simplicity.CommerceThe website provides current users to pay their bills,recharge their top ups and edit their personal details.

Brand Extensions In An FMCG Sector

check off addendums In An FMCG Sector scratch Extensions atomic military issue 18 a vital element for a business and it has carry on a real common practice for the companies, especially in the FMCG sector to grow in its sales and pro learn targets. Although, how much ever advantages daub university quotation possesses, it tummy still be of major risks in terms of trade list dilution and its rightfulness (Loken John, 1993).Understanding the consumers break is what adds of monumental value or if not could superstar to major ill lucks. Brand owners or managers need to give up a in truth thorough and holistic progression in this without damaging their filth envision and paleness built over the years.The purpose of this article is to come up how Indian customers evaluate note propagations deep down an FMCG context How signifi piece of asstly opposite argon they in respect of military ratings of their competitors around the world? Most significantly how intu mesce does the present writings on the topic of stigmatize evaluations of sword extensions fit within the context of Indian consumers?As raiseing a cuttingfangled reaping takes considerable amount of time and money, companies are adopting stigmatize extension dodging in revise for them to achieve growth. Major FMCG (Fast moving consumer goods) companies alike(p) Unilever and P G, the physical exercise of notice extension is quite common as they concentrate on big target anatomys in set out to generate sales. The logic of soft touch extension is that the defects value to consumers reduces the cost of marketplace unveiling by gaining readier acceptance than creation of a wise blemish (Barwise Robertson, 1992, pp.277).The key reason for choosing this topic is to know how Indian consumers evaluate brand extensions in an FMCG context. This is relevant seeing the significant frugal growth the awkward is experiencing even so when other nations are struggling to r ecover from the global economic downturn. besides much, Indias economic growth is dateed to reach 10% in checkmate of years and expected to beat China in the next tetrad years (The Hindu, Business line of business.com).1.2 Motivation for choice for this topicCustomer establish brand paleness occurs when the customer is familiar with the brand and holds some favourable, knock-down(prenominal) and unique brand associations in memory (Keller, 1993, pp.02). Ifa comp each chooses a wrong kinsperson of extension, then it can lead to a blackball pic of the set up brand. Lack of communication for promoting a reinvigorated crop can devaluate the Brand Equity as the wrong criteria of kinsfolk extensions can create the perception of diminishment in the value of the brand.This article explores to find out as to which brands are more likely to succeed as brand extensions into naked as a jaybird categories within the Indian packaged consumer goods environment. This could be better understood by understanding if certain realized Indian FMCG brands be extended into other FMCG categories that they do not genuinely compete more achieverfully than bare-asseder brands? How do Indian customers actually strain to evaluate brand extensions and does this differ from greater literature covered in this topic? friendshipablenessAcross the globe, many companies are stretching the brand crosswise variant return areas to gain confidence to customers. In the UK a very(prenominal) giving voice is the everlasting(a) group. With one single brand Virgin, the founder and chief executive officer of the group, Richard Branson and his team have introduced and promoted so many diverse kinds of results, starting from airlines to wandering phone to Virgin Active. Since the start of the Virgin group in 1970s, Virgin has at the moment over two hundred companies under its belt (Virgin.com). The succeeder behind all this rapid expansion of the company according to its chief operating officer is simply by its brand extension strategy.This article focuses influences on the suit of brand on customer perception of the proposed brand extension and how contrasted each particular brand can be extended. A voluminous percentage of brand extensions like the Virgin Cola end up as major failures. This has a very advanced influence in harming the reputation of the brand as well. To summarise this article discusses both on a actual literature on the topic and to know how Indian customers evaluate brand extensions?2.1 Strategic framework of Brand ExtensionsDue to an ever increasing competition, brand marketers seek to achieve growth while trim the cost of both new product introduction and the risk of new product failure (Swaminathan et al., 2001). Usually well managed brand extensions, cannot only dish up in reinforcing brand meaning but can also sponsor to shit up brand equity. However, a concern for many managers is its failure in the same way as how new products fail in the market.With the global recession recovering at a very dull rate, all kinds of luxury goods have been going on sale at very low prices. Prada is an example where in that respect has been a tremendous drop-off in its appeal in recent years. Although its runaway couture is pretty well made, but it bags are just another way to make money out of its brand name. These bags are not universe sold for closely more than half the price of its selling value.Due to the brand equity held by major brands, many risk not to extend their brands into new categories, mainly due to the equity held by these brands. Like that of Prada, many companies seek to launch into new brand names often failing in the dish up. in that location are another group that leap in without even understanding what exactly the customer wants and leading to a very high risk if they can be successful in their approach or not. pertly product launch criteria pull up stakes require a very careful thou ght as to which and how the brand strategy needs to be applied, with which a new brand could be launched successfully. Furthermore, in the market today, the c sneak in field of attention among brand managers is rapidly moving towards leveraging those brands in their subsisting portfolio of branded products.2.2 Key Objective of InvestigationThis article investigates on how consumers ingest the stretchability of real Indian FMCG brands across multiple product categories. evict established and emerging Indian FMCG brands be extended successfully into new product categories, not related to the content brand?2.3 Dissertation social organizationThe basic structure of this dissertation is as outlined below in the diagram-Introduction literature ReviewMethodologyFindings and DiscussionConclusions, Recommendations Further research writesAppendix2.4 LimitationsThis article is limited to investigating whether there is coherence amidst the recommendations in the literature and the f indings from the research on how the consumers evaluate brand extensions in the Indian FMCG environment.Literature Review3.1 The Objective of the literature canvassThe main objective will be to understand in greater depth the key drivers that impact upon brand extension acceptance or non-acceptance in a new product category, the dilution/improvement of the brand image due to new extension and the effect that congruentand incongruent brand extensions have on customers perceptions of the core brand (Thorbjrnsen, 2005). Furthermore, a critical evaluation of previous works, in order to find a thorough consistency of thought on this topic. In this way, the reader can get a theory base pertaining to my literature review. agree to Hofstee (2006), a good literature review shows-The author is aware of what is going on the fieldThere is a theory base on what the author intends doingHow the authors work fits in with what has been already done in the pastThe work has a significant valueThis w ork will lead to a new knowledge3.2 An Introduction to Brand ExtensionBrand Extension is the use of established brand names to enter completely new product categories (Aaker Keller 1990). It is the almost frequently utilize branding strategy in business human race (Vlckner Sattler 2006).In contrast Kotler, 1991 states that a brand extension strategy is any effort to extend a successful brand name to launch new or modified products or lines.Brand extension strategy can help companies leverage on its existing brand equity both within and the original category of products. Although, the profitability of brand extensions is not guaranteed, due to the high failure rate of 80% FMCGs (Mahajan et al,.2000 and Vlckner Sattler, 2006).Kim, 2003 states that there are 2 broadly classified extension strategies namely-Line Extension A new Product within a current product categoryCategory Extension A new product in a different product category, currently served by the upraise brandClose Ext ension/ Remote Extension Distance of extension from the parent brands is uniquely and strongly associated.Tauber, 1981 states-Franchise Extensions To explain the phenomenon of leveraging the existing brands into new categories.Although all the above discussed extensions are quite clear in theory, the limits are much less clear in practice. For fashion model pabulum Pepsi could be placed in a new, narrower category of diet drinks, colas or carbonated soft drinks etc.Tauber, 1988 lists the below 7 types of brand extensions, a company should adopt-Same Product in different forge When the company changes the form of the product from the original parent product display case Snickers Ice-Cream Bar or Mars Chocolate Thick Shake.Distinctive penchant/ ingredient/ component in the new item When a brand owns a flavour, ingredient or a component that the company owns and make it part of an item in a new category fashion model Kraft extended distinctive taste of Philadelphia into Philadelph ia Cream Cheese Salad Dressing. dude Products Same brand extension of what the company actually makes compositors case Colgate alveolar Tooth Paste with Colgate Tooth Brush.Same Customer Franchise Here a brand extension represents a marketers efforts to sell something else to its customer base deterrent example TATA extending its offering into consultancy, steel, automobiles, hotels, salt etc.Expertise To offer extension in a category where consumers believe the company has achievemented knowledge or skillExample Johnson and Johnson in baby oil, soap, baby bottles etc.Benefit/ delegate/ Feature Owned Many brands own a benefit or feature that can be extendedExample Nivea Moisturising Cream, Shave Gel, Deodorants, character Wash etc. somaer/Image Status Using side or expertise in one area to strengthen offerings in anotherExample Giorgio Armani watches, spectacles, cosmetics etc.Co-branding is defined as pairing two or more branded products (constituent brands) to form a more r epair and separate product (Park, et al., 1996). This has become increasingly evident in India and its FMCG market.The market of Gillette A3 Power Shaving equipment with Duracell batteries (both brands owned by Procter Gamble).Dabur, one of Indias leading FMCG companies have tied up with Disney consumer products by using the character Mickey hook to adorn Daburs Real brand jice and nectar packs.Indian Automobile goliath Maruthi having partnership with Suzuki of Japan and Maruthi co-branding with Kenwood for its car stereos.Co-branding is the result of combining two brands to name a product and when evaluating that product, one has to consider overall fit between the brand pair and the product (Hadjicharalambous, 2006). trope 3.1 represents the different types of brand extension classifications- intention 3.1 Typology of Brand Extensions (Hadjicharalambous, 2006)3.3 stigmatisation as a new innovationShocker, et al., 1994 says that speed is an important element in build strong er brands as if not the competitors can leverage on similar technologies to duplicate similar products and identifies these criterias - result the best customers- Most innovative companies pick up customers who are more likely and willing to pay moreOccupying the mental corner cavity- Buyers come abouting the option of selecting only few important brands over others underdeveloped a reputation for innovation- Establishing a reputation of developing up-to-the-minute technology, part of brand equity and developing business customersShorter order point cycle- GE uses a rapidly response programme using fast information technology, that lead to reducing inventory requirements by 200$Mass Customization- Permitting the brand manager to take advantage of market breakdown while controlling costs. Dell computer is the leader in this approach whereby all its products are made to order according to customer tastes.Keller (2001) states that building a strong brand has been main priority fo r many firms for fiscal rewards and suggests a Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE) model to function management in brand building steps which involves the following guidelines-Establishing decent brand identity with proper breadth and depth of brand sensationCreating the appropriate brand meaning through strong, favourable and unique brand associationsEliciting, positive, accessible brand responses andForging brand relationships with customers characterized by intense, active loyalty. emulous Brand touching especially during this current economic climate has become intense, when there are local brands competing with large multinationals to gain customer trust. According to Keller (2002) following are the five pitfalls to watch for-Companies sometimes adjudicate to build brand awareness before establishing a clear brand position.For Example Many dot-coms know this pitfall well as a number of them spent heavily on expensive television advertising without root cosmos clear about what they were selling.Companies often promote attributes that consumers dont care about.For example For years, companies that sold pain-killers claimed their brands were longer lasting than others. Eventually, they noticed that consumers wanted faster replacement more than sustained relief.Companies sometimes invest too heavily in points of inequality that can easily be copied. Positioning needs to keep competitors out, not draw them in as a brand that claims to be the cheapest or the hippest is likely to be leapfrogged.For Example Fast food manacles like Pizza Hut investing too heavily in their business, but unable to understand that what customers actually want is get off prices which the customers are able to get from non-recognised fast food outlets.Certain companies become so intent on responding to competition that they walk away from their established positions.For Example General Mills used the insight that consumers viewed honey as more nutritious than sugar to success fully introduce the Honey Nut Cheerios product-line extension. A key competitor, Post decided to respond by repositioning its swag Crisp brand, changing the name to Golden Crisp and dropping the simoleons Bear character as spokesman. But the repositioned brand didnt attract lavish new customers, and its market component part was severely diminished.Companies may think they can reposition a brand, but this is nearly always difficult and sometimes impossible.For Example Although Pepsi-Colas fresh, youthful appeal has been a key branding difference in its battle against Coca-Cola, the brand has strayed from this focus several times in the past two decades, perhaps contributing to some of its market share woes. Every attempt to reposition the brand has been followed by a regress to the formers successful positioning.Care should be taken to see a brand is nurtured well before extending it so diversely in different categories. With the success of the core product in the short span, b rand owners are tempted to extend its parent brand much sooner than done in the past. maven such classic example is the Maggi brand launched in India in 1982 by Nestle India Ltd (NIL), the Indian subsidiary of global FMCG major, Nestle SA. NIL introduced a new category of instant noodles in Indian market called as Maggi Noodles. Due to the first mover advantage, NIL maintained its strong lead in instant noodles category until the early 2000s. Furthermore, over the years Maggi brand was extended into soups, ketchups, sauces etc. Unfortunately, these product extensions were not as successful as the instant noodles.The failure of the extension into ketchup, soups suggests that the brand owners have been too quick in their philosophy that sufficient equity was built by their core brand (Maggi Noodles) for the transfer of positive effect to occur.Core Brand Noodles behave Extension Soup ExtensionSuccessful Un-SuccessfulFigure 3.2 Maggi Noodles Brand Extension Evolution3.4 Brand Extens ions in frameworkTauber, 1981 suggested a growth intercellular substance that differentiated brand extensions from other new product forms. This was done by viewing opportunity from the viewpoint of the brand owner. Following figure represents the different types of opportunities characterized according to whether they are in a product category new to the company and if the brand name used is actually new or already familiar to the consumer (Tauber, 1981).Product CategoryNew ExistingNewBrand NameExistingFigure 3.3 Growth ground substance (Tauber 1981) stipulation the fast phase of change taken place in brand extensions since 1981, the above growth matrix was no longer considered of adequate use to guide brand strategy. This is when Lane and Sutcliffe, 2006 proposed a Jigsaw Brand intercellular substance to extend the existing literature on brand portfolio strategy. He proposed additive four options and five additional strategic categories (Figure 3.4) as illustrated below-Figure 3 .4 Jigsaw Brand Matrix (Lane Sutcliffe 2006)The four additional growth options as described by Lane and Sutcliffe, 2006 are as follows-Piggybacking When products enter a new category with a related brand name, then this is being used as a related brand name to launch new productsFor Example Figure 3.5 shows Parle-G, Indias leading biscuit manufacturer attempting to enter the confectionary and snack market with Kisme Toffee bar and Poppins.Figure 3.5 Parle-G Piggybacking Strategy have-to doe with brand Here the product launch is related to a product category with a new brand name as the new product can work side by side with the parent in order to extend to new consumer segments.For Example Below Figure shows an illustration by global beer supplier United Brweries extension from Beer into spirits, wines, vodka and in champagne to name a few.Figure 3.6 United Breweries (UB) Group Example of an Associate Brand StrategyStrength Extension In order to capitalise and strengthen a parent b rand, strategy of using an existing brand name to a related product category is being used.For Example Below Figure illustrates Kissan Jam into Squeeze bottles of mango and in apple flavour.+Figure 3.7 Kissan Jams strength ExtensionFlanker An established product having a related brand name fights for a fixed position within its parent category.For Example In India, Hindustan Unilever Limited are master in developing flanker brands and often have three or more products under the same brand name, targeted at different consumer segments as with the crop brand.Figure 3.8 Hindustan Unilever Limited Flanker Extension Strategy with Surf travel byThe other additional strategy directions are-Matrix branding Here the brand and category extension are utilised without adopting a fully diversified or multi-branding category approachDiversified Branding Dissimilar brands enter in a partly related or unrelated segmentElastic Branding A broad consecrate of related and non related product extens ions centred around the core brand nameFocus Branding Use of existing core brand ad category to develop any product or service six-fold Branding By focusing on the companys core brand category new brands are being focussed frequently.The Jigsaw Brand Matrix by Lane Sutcliffe, 2006 needs to be still verified across a different number of industries, although it is quite helpful for marketers in capturing branding strategy for extensions. However, the only disapproval is that this particular model doesnt address co-branding, which is astray used technique in the FMCG industries.3.5 Advantages of Brand ExtensionsBrand Extensions enable firms to encounter out their product lines, expand into related markets and increase revenue by licensing brand names for use in other product categories (Srinivastava, et al.,1998, pp.11). This has been support by Smith Park, 1998 who demonstrates the positive impact of brand extensions have on the market share and advertising and proves on how brand extensions can lower significant costs. This is evident in the current economic downturn when firms try to extend their brands rather than venturing into new business.Volckner Sattler, 2006 provides an overview of conceptual framework (Figure 3.9) proposing that the success of a brand extension is influenced by direct effect of determinants, mediating effects and chair effects. They determined the success of brand determinants into four groups namely-Parent and Brand CharacteristicsThe extensions marketing contextThe relationship between the Parent Brand and the extension productThe extensions product category characteristics.Figure 3.9 Overview of Conceptual Framework in Brand Extension (Volckner Sattler, 2006)Brand Equity too helps in the enduringness of brand extensions as consumers who display trust and loyalty towards a brand are then willing to adopt brand extensions (Lassar et al.,1995)Research DesignThe objective of the researchThe objective of the research is to invest igate the impact of similitude and dissimilarity between-The original brands and the extension,Brand reputation,Core brand image,Brand dilutionEffects of co-brands on the customer evaluations of brand extensions in the FMCG sector within the context of Indian environmentMethodologyThe research method used during this stage will be of quantitative with questionnaires by use of formulation to face interviews. The main objective behind the methodology will be to measure the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of respondents towards brand extension conceptsThe key steps being undertaken during this process will be as follows-Checking all the possible ways to shield my stated hypothesesArriving at the exact optimum approachDrawing on a strict time-table for various research tasksFinalising the questionnaireCollection of data and structuring it into Excel and SPSSFinalising the questionnaire abridgmentConclusions and RecommendationsProject Planning ScheduleWork on the project is intend s tart in the first week of June 2010 and last a periods of sixteen weeks. Figure below gives a summary of how the project is intended to be carried out. It also shows the milestones to be achieved, the task management and the writing enrolment as well.TaskDurationJuneJulyAugustSept.Wk1Wk2Wk3Wk4Wk5Wk6Wk7Wk8Wk9Wk10Wk11Wk12Wk13Wk14Wk15Wk16 precise Literature Review7 weeksBackground to Questionnaire2 weeksFamiliarization with Methodology/Research Objectives4 weeksDesign of the Structure of Report1 weekAnalysis of Hypothesis formulation2 weeksInterviewsand selective information Acquisition4 weeksData Analysis and Conclusions10 weeksFINAL WRITE UPIntroduction/ Literature Review3 weeksSurveys and Data Acquisitions3 weeksResults, Discussions and Conclusion4 weeksAbstract, Reference and Appendix2 weeksFinal Review3 weeksFigure Gantt chart showing Dissertation Planning ScheduleApart from the above schedule, uniform meetings with my supervisor whenever necessary either personally or by e-mai l and keeping updated on my progress on a regular creation through draft, for review and feedback.Also, meetings as a group/individual will be attended to the deadlines as mentioned before by the supervisor.

How Organization Wide Change Is Best Carried Out Management Essay

How Organization Wide Change Is Best Carried off precaution EssayBoth alter and continuity may be desirable for the triumphant turn overment of channelize. Picture upon the results of an global investigation the name suggests1. Company be deteriorating to fully consider the consequences and implications of change.2. some changes individual introduced as a result of contemporary tapersing carry come forth perplex negative impacts.3. The hypothesis of steady linear progress is not infinitely justified.4. Continuity and change atomic number 18 important complements, and frequently at decennarytion c tot whollyy for to be devoted to the continuity of valued dealinghips.5. People should be assumption the liberty to decide the level and nature of modify required in relation to their exacting activities.6. More holistic, thoughtful and muckle centered nuzzlees to management argon needed.To real pry fundamental lawal change and begin bring thriving change lawsuit s, the change ingredient should eat up at least(prenominal) a broad understanding of the circumstance of the change effort. This includes considerate the underlying systems and structure in cheeks, as advantageously as their typical basis and roles. This obligation applies to the understanding of attractionship and management of the organizations, as well. That is why mystify out up courses in condescension ofttimes initially include a course or some discussion on organizational theory. This paper includes several links to help you gain this broad accepting. The following relations broadly reviewed in the following order business leader be cooperative to establish some sense approximately organizations, and their leadership and management.Overview of Change ManagementThere be several phrase regarding organizational change and tuition that look and sound a lot connatural, but have respective(a) meanings. As a result of the importance of the topic, there seem to b e increasingly different interpretation of some of this phrase, epoch otherwises are employ interchangeably. Without at least some sense of the difference between these phrases, connections about organizational change and growing outhouse be more than and more vague, conf development and frustrating.Methodology of the learnWhat is Organizational ChangeTypically, the concept of organizational transform is in stare to organization-wide change, as opposed to splendider changes such as addition a refre stomach person, modify a program, and so on Examples of organization-wide change might contain a change in mission, reclamation operations, new technologies, mergers, major(ip) collaborations, rightsizing, new program such as come up timberland management, re-engineering, etc. nearly experts refer to organizational alteration. Often this confines designates a basic and radical reorientation in the way the organization operates.What is Provokes Organizational ChangeModify should not be through for the pastime of change its a insurance policy to accomplish some in ecumenic close. Usually organizational change is aggravated by some major outside heavy force, substantial cuts in funding, overcompensate major new markets/clients, need for dramatic increase in efficiency/services, etc. Typically, organizations must(prenominal) commence organization-wide change to evolve to a similar level in their life rhythm method of birth control, dismission from a extremely instant, capitalist organization to more steady and computer programmened development. Change to a new chief decision tell onr raft incite organization-wide change when his or her new and unique nature pervades the entire organization.Why is Organization-Wide Change Difficult to AccomplishTypically there are tough resistances to modify. People are afraid of the un feeln. Many people value things are by now just fine and dont appreciate the need for change. Many are inherently cynic al about change, especial(a)ly from reading about the idea of change as if its a mantra. Many hesitations there are effective means to accomplish major organizational change. Often there are conflicting goals in the organization, to increase resources to accomplish the change yet concurrently cut costs to remain viable. Organization-wide change often goes against the very values detained dear by members in the organization, that is, the change may go a foresightedside how members believe things should be d peerless. Thats why frequently of organizational-change text discusses wanted changes in the development of the organization, including changes in members values and beliefs and in the way they ratify these values and beliefs.How Organization-Wide Change Is Best Carried Out lovely change must engage top management, as well as the board and chief executive. Typically theres a champion who originally ignite the change by being creative, persuasive and consistent. A change agent role is usually responsible to translate the vision to a cognizant plan and carry out the plan. Change is frequently best carried out as a group-wide attempt. Communications about the change should be park and with all organization members. To maintain change, the structure of the institute itself should be customized, including strategicalal plans, policies and procedures. This change in the structures of the organization typically involves an unfreezing, change and re-freezing procedure.The best approach to address resistances is from side to side increased and continued communications and education. For example, the leader should meet with all managers and employees to explain reason for the change, how it usually go out be carried out and where others can go for supplementary teaching. A plan should be developed and communicate. Plans do change. Thats fine, but communicate that the preparation has tainted and why. assemblage should be held for organization members to sta te their ideas for the plan. They should be able to state their concerns and inner(a)vation as fit.Some General Guidelines to Organization-Wide ChangeIn adding to the general dodge listed above, there are a few other basic guidelines to clutch in mind.1. Consider using a counselor. Ensure the consultant is highly whopledgeable in organization-wide change. Ask to see reference and check the references.2. astray communicate the affirmable need for change. Communicate what youre doing about it. Communicate what was done and how it operate on out.3. Get as much(prenominal) advice as sensible from employees, including what they think are the problems and what should be done to retard them. If possible, earn with a police squad of employees to manage the change.4. Dont get wrap up in doing change for the sake of change. Know why youre making the change. What goal do you hope to come upon?5. Plan the change. How do you plan to get to the goals, what ordain you need to bear on the goals, how extended might it take and how will you know when youve r separately your goals or not? Focus on the coordination of the departments/programs in your organization, not on each part by itself. Have someone in charge of the plan.6. nullify up having every employee in the end exposure to one person, if possible, and they should know who that being is. Job images are often complained about, but they are multipurpose in specifying who reports to whom.7. Delegate decision to surveyers as much as possible. This includes grant them the power and responsibility to get the play done. As much as possible, let them decide how to do the project.8. The functioning wint be an it will take longer than you think.9. detect perspective. Keep listening carefully on meeting the needs of your consumer or clients.10. Take care of yourself first. Organization-wide change can be extremely stressful.11. Dont look for to control change, but rather to have a bun in the oven it, appreci ate it and manage it.12. Include conclusion in the plan. Recognize and find your accomplishments.13. Read some resources about organizational change, as well as new forms and structures.Finds of the studyHarley-Davidson copes against Suzuki to survive and take over in the market by the following wayLevel 1- shaping and anticipating the hereafter At this level, Harley-Davidson start out with few assumptions about the business itself, what it is good at, and what the time to come will be like. Management generates alternate scenarios of the in store(predicate), defines opportunities based on these possible futures, assesses its strengths and weaknesses in these scenarios changes its mission, measurement system etcLevel 2Harley-Davidson defining what business to be in and their Core CompetenciesMany attempts at strategic readying start at this level, either assuming that1) The future will be like the past or at least expected2) The future is personified in the CEOs of Harley-Davids on vision for the future3) Management doesnt know where besides to start4) Management is too scared to start at leve because of the changes needed to really meet future necessities5) The lone(prenominal) permission they have is to refine what job already exists. After a mission has been defined and SWOT strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats synopsis is finished, an organization can then define its actions, goals, strategies. More information on this is in the next article, moving from the Future to your Strategy.Level 3Reengineering (Structurally Changing) Your Processesevery as a result or result of level one or both work Harley-Davidson independent action, level threesome work focuses on basically changing how work is consummate. Rather than focus on modest improvement, reengineering focuses on making major structural changes to everyday with the goal of considerably improving productivity, efficiency, quality or customer satisfaction.Level 4Incrementally Changing y our ProcessesHarley-Davidsons changes are focus in making many small changes to obtainable work processes. Oftentimes organizations put in substantial effort into getting every employee focused on creation these small changes, often with substantial effect. Unfortunately, making improvement on how a buggy defeat for horse-drawn carriages is made will hardly ever come up with the idea that buggy whips are no longer necessary because cars have been invented. To read more about organizational changes and how it compare to level , We train an internal facilitator, helped them deliver teaching in a just-in-time fashion, and had them focus on specific technical problems. The police squad management shaped reduced archean quality defects by 48%. The disadvantage of such an incremental bear upon toward includes avoid structural, system-wide problems, and assume existing processes need modest development. In addition, using incremental approaches can be frustrating to employees and mana gement if does not contain on in the organization. As a result of these disadvantages, many organizations have it away a high risk of failure in the long lapse.Harley-Davidson similarly takes positive decisions in the following waysThese levels have much of the similar goal increasing customer fulfillment, doing things right the first time, greater employee efficiency, etc. in spite of these similarities, they differ considerably in the regularitys they use to carry out these goals. In Harley-Davidsons skill, companies that use this method tend to have a sumptuous need for change, risk-tolerant management, comparatively few constraint and have considerable accordance among its management on what to do. Types of industries include those whose environment requires rapid revision to fast-moving events, electronics, information systems and telecommunication industries. Companies using most(prenominal)ly incremental tools have management that perceives only a unassuming require for change, is relatively risk-avoidant, has many constraint on its events and only has a modest consensus among themselves on what to do.Harley-Davidson using level three methods. If they are considering changes in business lines, re-organizing by customer instead of by purpose, or making key changes in how the everyday employee is being remunerative, they are using method. regrettably, all of this argument hinges in managements belief about how much change is necessary. This belief often hinges on their often unaided beliefs of1) How well the organization performs compare to other organizations a not have of benchmarking.2) What the future will be. As a result, my suggestion is that organizations conduct scenario/strategic mean movements anyway, even if they have by now decided that incremental method will be sufficient to solve their problems. This way organization can be aware of the limits of the lower-level methods they are using and understand when it is best to swing away these lower-level methods for something more substantive. Based on this exercise, comparison of existing inner processes with world-class examples benchmarking and market study, management may come to realize how much change is necessary.GoalsBased on no matter what level work you are doing, the chance that are prepare need to be try to determine which of them best suit the obtainable and future capability of the organization and offer the most bang for the buck in terms of development in your measures of success. In calculation, goals need to have the resources. Harley Davidson uses the slogan We will din into the polystyrene market within the next five long time and achieve 20% market share.StrategiesHarley-Davidson focuses on what, strategies focus on how. Some examples includeWe will re-engineer our research and development processWe will evaluate and improve our gross revenue and selling departmentWe will conduct a SWOT compendium and then define our core competenciesSupp lementary examples of outline are include in the affecting from the future to your strategy. Wait a second. Arent goal and strategy really the same. They are in one sagacity as they two need to be SMART. As what you force guess, the goals of a level are achieve by create strategies at the minor levels.History of Harley DavidsonWilliam S. Harley and Arthur Davidson make available to the public the first production Harley-Davidson motorcycle. The wheel around was built to be a racer, with a 3-1/8 column inch bore and 3-1/2 inch stroke. The factory in which they worked was a 10 x 15-foot wooden shed with the words Harley-Davidson Motor Company crudely scrawled on the door. Arthurs brother Walter afterwards joins their efforts.Harley-Davidson Motor Company is incorporated on September 17th. The stock is single out four ways between the four founders, and staff size has more than duplicate from the previous year to eighteen employees. Factory size is doubled as well. Dealer recru itment begins, targeting the New England region.In 1908, Walter Davidson himself scored a double-dyed(a) 1000 at the annual Federation of American Motorcyclists (FAM) Endurance and reliableness Contest. Three days later, he set an FAM economy record at 188.234 mpg. Also in 1908, the first motorcycle sold for police tariff was delivered to the Detroit police force. By 1909 Harley-Davidson was bustling, and the partners introduced the very first Harley-Davidson V-twin engine, a design that continues to succeed to this day. From that base, they built twin-cam V-twins, overhead-cam V-twins and 4-valve V-twinsall before 1920. The family exported its first bike, to Japan, in 1912. In 1916, the club began publishing a magazineThe Enthusiastfor its customers. Still available today, it stands as the longest continuously published motorcycle periodical in the world.During the war, the famous Wrecking Crew, Harleys team of factory take inrs, was nearly unbeatable in racing, and in 1921, the Crew won every race during the season. Although prime competitor Indian was two years older than Harley-Davidson, Harley was already becoming dominant, both in sales and racing. To yet spur buyers, Harley introduced bike financing in 1923.Despite the fact that the verdant was in the throes of the Great Depression, in 1938 Harley-Davidson introduced the overhead-valve V-twin engine that would come to be cognise as the Knucklehead, as well as the sophisticated new bike that went around it. That engine and its refinements stuck around for 12 years. The same year, Harley licensed the industriousness of and supplied tooling for a Japanese version of the Harley, called Rikuo, for which the Japanese company Sankyo never paid any royalties. In 1937, Harleys factories were unionized.Mission of Harley DavidsonHeritage Harley-Davidson fulfills dreams by providing all riders and customers with a friendly, comfortable and knowledgeable Harley-Davidson environment. We will consistently tre at everyone with fairness and unity and be genuinely interested in their satisfaction and in maintaining a long term human relationship.Vision of Harley DavidsonOur vision is to provide an unsurpassed grow for all motorcycle enthusiasts while providing fulfilling, worthwhile work and growth opportunities for our team of trained professionals. We strive for continuous improvement in everything we do.Our Work valueIntegrity Loyalty Fairness Competence Sharing knowledge Accomplishment. We ride with our customers and apply this deep connection in every market we function to create superior value for all of our stakeholders.Harley-Davidsons values areThese are our values. They are the heart of how we run our business. They guide our actions and serve as the textile for the decisions and contributions our employees make at every level of the Company.Tell the Truth.Be Fair.Keep Your Promises.Respect the Individual.Encourage Intellectual Curiosity.Harley-Davidsons financial reportsIn M illions of USD (except for per share items) 3 months termination 2009-12-31 9 months ending 2009-09-27 3 months ending 2009-06-28 3 months ending 2009-03-29 3 months ending 2008-12-31 tax revenue 893.65 3,888.26 1,277.61 1,395.32 1,342.92Other Revenue, core intact Revenue 893.65 3,888.26 1,277.61 1,395.32 1,342.92Cost of Revenue, Total 743.86 2,738.14 953.45 907.33 959.56Gross Profit 149.79 1,150.12 324.16 487.99 383.36Selling/General/Admin. depreciates, Total 256.39 594.78 209.89 221.08 246.05Research Development Depreciation/Amortization saki Expense(Income) give the sack operational Unusual Expense (Income) 122.34 130.33 43.52 34.86 0.00Other operational Expenses, Total Total Operating Expense 1,122.58 3,463.24 1,206.86 1,163.27 1,205.61Operating Income -228.93 425.01 70.75 232.05 137.31Interest Income(Expense), Net Non-Operating Gain (Loss) on deal of Assets Other, Net Income Before Tax -238.10 416.76 69.53 223.74 138.04Income After Tax -147.17 217.81 19.75 117.35 91.94Minority Interest Equity In Affiliates Net Income Before Extra. Items -147.17 217.81 19.75 117.35 91.94Accounting Change give up Operations Extraordinary Item Net Income -218.70 163.58 19.75 117.35 77.81Preferred Dividends Income Available to crude Excl. Extra Items -147.17 217.81 19.75 117.35 91.94Income Available to parking area Incl. Extra Items -218.70 163.58 19.75 117.35 77.81Basic weighted bonnie Shares Basic EPS Excluding Extraordinary Items Basic EPS Including Extraordinary Items Dilution Adjustment 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 cut Weighted Average Shares 232.72 234.43 233.52 232.65 232.04Diluted EPS Excluding Extraordinary Items -0.63 0.93 0.08 0.50 0.40Diluted EPS Including Extraordinary Items Dividends per Share Common storehouse Primary Issue 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.33Gross Dividends Common Stock Net Income after Stock Based Comp. Expense Basic EPS after Stock Based Comp. Expense Diluted EPS after Stock Based Comp. Expense Depreciation, Supplemental Total Special Items Normalized Income Before Taxes Effect of Special Items on Income Taxes Income Taxes Ex. Impact of Special Items Normalized Income After Taxes Normalized Income Avail to Common Basic Normalized EPS Diluted Normalized EPS -0.29 1.22 0.21 0.58 0.40Findings of the studyThere are no typical activities that always efficaciously address certain types of issues in organizations. Many times, the execution of a project lies not with having chosen the perfect choice of actions, but rather with how right and participative people were during the project, how much they learned and how open they were to altering their plans for change.However, there are some basic consideration that most people make when ingest from among the many choices for organizational expansion, or capacity building, actions.Considerations includeFirst, does the change-management method proffer what org anizational growth activities to use now, for example, the method of strategic management might propose that a SWOT analysis be done, strategic goals be recognized along with action tactics for each goal, and then achievement of the action plans be closely monitor.Frequent Monitoring the Dealers Continuous observe system is very important to observe the market. Therefore marketing Executives get wind to the distributors should be more frequent like other competitor companiesTo annex good relationship Distributors are the main sources for the sales of motor cycle products. So my recommendation is that, the company should extend and increase good relationship with all dealers and salesmen.Price Stability Presently because of Under rate process the distributors are facing different problems. As Under rateof product wrong creates a great problem in smooth selling, therefore expenditure stability of all product is very much necessary.Availability of marketing executives In present rivalrous market situation most of the competitive companies are engaging a big marketing executives to capture the market. In compare with that marketing executives are not sufficient to cover all of the distributors. So marketing executives availability should be ensured.Low price of products At present the price of Harley-Davidsons products is relatively high in comparing to other competitor companies product. But to capture the market and reach their product to all kind of customers, my recommendation is that, Walton should reduce somewhat their product price.Recommendation of the study1. Standard AdvertisementAdvertisement plays a vital role to run any business well. But in my survey, I have found hat the advertisement of Harley-Davidsons is not satisfactory at all. So the company should pay more attention to advertising.2. Quality of the productsFrom my survey I came to know that the of some products of Harley-Davidsons is very low. Some products create disturb even two or th ree months after selling. If Walton wants to exist in the market for long time and face the competition, it must concentrate on better quality products.Continuous customer contact and monitoring is essential.4 Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) must be used.5. Customer attraction and retention policy should be modified.6. To identify new area where the product is not available.At last I want to say that the company should practice Total quality management (TQM) properly.Conclusionmerely put, strategic planning determine where an organization is going over the next year or more, Harley Davidson how its going to get there and how itll know if it got there or not. The focus of a planned plan is usually on the whole organization, while the focus of a business plan is typically on a particular product, service or program.There are a variety of perspective, pattern and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is residential depends on the nature of the o rganization leadership, culture of the organization, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners, etc. For example, there are a variety of strategic planning models, as well as goals-based, issues-based, organic, scenario some would state that portion planning are more a method than model. goals-based planning is most likely the most common and starts with focus on the organizations mission and vision, values, goals to work toward the mission, strategies to achieve the goals, and act setting up who will do what and by when. Issues-based strategic planning often starts by examining issues facing in the Harley Davidson organization, strategies to address those issues, and action plans. Organic strategic planning might start by articulating the organizations vision and values and then action plans to achieve the vision while adhering to those values. Some planners prefer a particular approach to planning, eg, appreciative inquiry. Some plans are scoped to one year, many to three years, and some to five to ten years into the future. Some plans comprise only top-level in order and no action plans. Some plans are five to eight pages long, even as others can be significantly longer.

Malaria Disease: An Overview

Malaria Disease An oerviewIntroductionMalaria is a vector-borne infectious malady caused by protozoan parasites. Malaria is a very wide riddle unsoundness in the tropics and subtropics regions of the world including Africa, S offh Asia, and South and Central America, impact everyplace 650 million people and cleaning 1 to 3 million. Over half affected and killed argon young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. This disease is an enormous public-health problem because it only takes sensation bite by a mosquito septic with parasites that causes this infectious disease to suffer apart of a homo body. Malaria cannot be transmitted from one soulfulness to another by fair standing next to them you involve to watch contact with them.DiscussionMalaria didnt save recently come about it has affected on people for oer 50,000 days. It could well have been a pathogen for the entire history save it has not been proven. The term malaria originated from medieval Italian and translated into bad air. Malaria has had a fewer pick ups in the past alike(p) ague and marsh feverishness because of its association with swamps.Pioneer DiscoveriesThe first-year noted advance came in 1880 when Charles Louis Laveran, a French army doctor who worked in Algeria noticed parasites in the ruby-red source cells of the infected people. He announced that malaria was caused by this protozoan and this was the first time that it had been known to cause a disease. The protozoan was later called malaria parasite by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelocelli. Some time later it was suggested that mosquitoes were transmitting this disease to earth by Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor. provided it was Britains Sir Ronald Ross who finally proved it in 1898 by showing certain mosquito species transmitting malaria to birds and later isolated malaria parasites from salivary gland of mosquitoes that feed on infected bird. Sir Ross later became the Director of Malaria figure effects in Panama, Greece, E gypt, and Macuitus. The works of Finlay, Ross, Marchifava, and Celli saved the lives of thousands of workers and helped developed methods used in future public health campaigns against this disease. The bark of a cinchona shoetree that contains quinine was the first in effect(p) treatwork forcet for malaria.Global InitiativesThe Malaria Prevention Initiative spends over $1 billion a year to tell malaria, the worlds largest health problem. In 2005 Bush launched the Presidents Malaria Initiative (PMI). He pledged to increase U.S. malaria funding more(prenominal) than $1.2 billion over five years in order to flinch death by malaria by fifty percentage in fifteen African countries. He likewise challenged other countries to match him in affaires like private tackation and corporations that would help reduce the suffering and deaths caused by malaria. PMI had a goal and wanted it to be reached by contacting the child under 5 yrs of age and pregnant women. They will give these peo ple proven and effective treatment measures. PMI besides used a method that involved 4 keys components indoor spraying of the homes with insectides, insecticide treated mosquito nets, lifesaving antimalarial do drugss, and treatment to preserve malaria in pregnant women. PMI has impacted more than six million Africans retributory from the method with four key components. PMI coordinates with national malaria control pregnancy and external partners including Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, The World Bank, and Malaria Booster Program to name a few.Diagnosing and TreatingThe diagnosis and treatment of malarias severe form has bend an important matter. The microscopic diagnosis of malaria requires skill, experience, and availability of everyone at all times. thither atomic number 18 some tests that dont require as much skill but they havent been available in America for years. On June 13, 2007, the FDA approved the first malaria rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) for use of laboratories in the U.S. The test uses whole blood and takes only fifteen minutes. RDT is not able to detect if a diligent has Malaria if they argon infected with another disease.Malarial StatisticsThe Center of Disease reign receives reports of one thousand to fourteen thousand cases of malaria every year. Some of these are as a result of international travel. Nearly seventy-five percent are acquired from victims who dont use the recommended foilive medications. During the 1800s quinine was used as the only drug to treat malaria until World War Two when more effective medicines were developed. Malaria control in war areas was created during World War Two to control the spread of this disease by mosquitoes in the south especially those surrounding war machine bases where troops could be affected.Prevention There are ways to prevent malaria much(prenominal) as using repellents, wearing protective c dealhing, and using netting. It has expire a leading cause in death worldwide. If a person is diagnosed early and treated it can be cured. But a lot of people live in areas where the disease is common and get infected repeatedly and never recover. There have been programs aimed towards prevention of malaria by killing mosquitoes that carry the disease. If a person goes to the doctor they can ask for a vaccine and a drug used for anti-malarial infections. Malaria is at a paltry rate in the U.S. but it is widespread around. If a person travels on an airplane where malaria patients have been they should be tested three to four times back to back.Conclusion In conclusion, malaria is a widespread disease affecting more people daily. So everyone needs to protect themselves. Scientist are looking for a cure but on that point is not one in so far found. There are people out thither giving specie to those foundations whose main purpose is to help those affected with the disease. For those people out there infected by Malaria dont give up because help is on the way.BibliographyDeresinski, Stan. speedy Diagnostic Testing For Malaria. Infectious Disease Alert 26(2007) 133,134.Unknown, U.S. AID wellness Programs Malaria and Child Survival. Congressional Digest 86(2007) 198-199.Health and Disease. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Online. Retrieved and accessed on from 15 Oct. 2007 http//search.eb.com/eb/article-258139Does homo get offual rearing have disallow effects?Does trans get offuality parenting have electronegative effects?This research paper tries to review the akin sex couples relationships regarding the role they play in parenthood and the effects both negative and arbitrary that they likely would have on their children whether biologic or adopted. It also reviews the rules of orders recognition of the comic men and the lesbian companionship and their rights to raise their children. A comparing of the effects of lesbian and the homophile(a) men parenting and that of smashingaway parenting will also be brought about in order to bring about the verifying or negative side of sapphic parenting. This research paper will also review the results of the researches done on homo internal parenting, the arguments, the outcomes and conclusions.Introduction consort to Bozett (1987), lesbians and brisk men form families which are analogous in appearance like those of non- mirthful families. Within the last couple of years in the zippy and lesbian communities, there has been increased awareness of the point that the possibility of existence a parent is not ruled out by creation merry. consort to Drescher and Glazer (2001), traditionally, when one came out as lesbian or festive, it meant that one had to abandon any hope of ever becoming a parent or even to keep ones children if one had them already. However, with homosexuality in the open, more and more kindred sex couples are having new babies, are continuing to raise previous heterosexual relationships children and also are adopt ing children (Drescher Glazer, 2001).As a result, after coming out many brave men and lesbians are considering parenthood. Parenthood in the lesbian and gay men community may come about from joining of a homosexual parent legally with a spouse of the opposite sex who may have one or more children who may be adopted or biological. On the other hand, children may be adopted by lesbians and gay men as single parents who may or may not have a lover who takes the stepparent role. Some of the gay men or lesbians may choose to provide nurture care as a way of parenting. Lesbians on the other hand, can opt to become parents by means of alternative fertilization. Other ways for the homosexuals to become parents is where single or joined gay men use a surrogate mother and also where a lesbian is inseminated by one or more than one gay man. And thereafter rear the offspring as if it were related to them biologically (Bozett, 1987).According to Kurdek (2004), homosexual parenting is when g ay men or lesbians become biological or non biological parents to one or more children. patronage the affray surrounding marriage of the alike couples recently, there has not been found a reliable number of estimates of lesbian and gay couples. According to an American behold data, 40-60 (%) of gay men and 45-80 (%) of lesbians are currently romantically involved. Because when one presents himself or herself to the public as part of a lesbian or gay couple is subjected to abuse, discrimination and even violence, these numbers are likely to be underestimated as many do not come out in the open (Kurdek, 2004).Effects of homosexual parentingAccording to Patterson (2000), the gay and lesbians family lives have been a source of controversy for a long time. callable to the stigma affiliated to the corresponding sex identities, the lesbians and gay men who declare their identities risk their captain family relationships. However, the gay men and lesbians have always succeeded in c reating and to sustain family relationships condescension the discrimination and prejudice (Patterson, 2000). According to studies, children who have been brocaded by lesbian mothers tend to conform to sex role airs and careers that are stereotypical. In a census conducted in US 2000, 33% of lesbian couple sept and 22% of gay couple household reported at to the lowest degree an under 18 year child living in that home. By 2005, the number of children living in the same sex couple households were 270, 313 (Patterson, 2000).In Stacey and Biblarz (2001) words, gay marriage today has become rampant in our society and many countries are endorsing for its legalization. It is therefore no surprise that family issues on lesbigay have turned into a rapidly growing industry in mixer accomplishment research. Such researches bear on family policies and marriage that predetermine the occidental Cultures held convictions on parenthood sexuality, and gender. As opponents and advocates squar e off in cultural wars, legislatures, state and federal courts and in the electoral arena over efforts to stretch along equal rights to foster care, child custody, marriage, and adoption to nonheterosexuals, they heatedly debate the implications of a body investigating how the parents sexual orientation affects the children. The research bodys findings are such that there are no contrasts notable between children brought up by heterosexual parents and those brought by gay and lesbian parents. They also find the same sex parents to be as effective and competent as heterosexual parents (Stacey Biblarz, 2001). According to most studies conducted about homosexual parenting, outcome of children of the same sex parents is no improve, nor worse than other childrens in terms of self approve, donnish achievement, quality and warmth of family relationships, peer theme relationships, or behavioral difficulties and no likelihood of macrocosm gay than other kids (Carpenter, 2007).Accor ding to traditional opinions, homosexual parenting will have the following effects on their children 1. Provide an associate, a model and experiences which make a child engage in homosexual activities. 2. The probability of sexual victimization in childhood will increase. 3. Due to the disturbed behavioral and standards of the parents, the child will likely be psychologically and socially disturbed than other children who have been elevated by straight parents (Homosexual parents, 2010).However, in a 2002 AAP report on gay parenting, it found no meaningful differences of children who have been raised by same sex parents from those raised by heterosexual parents. The committee first assessed the adjustments, behavior, and attitudes of gay and lesbian parents and found more similarities than there were differences in the attitudes and parenting styles of gay and non gay set abouts. At the same time, the lesbian mothers had the same scores in psychological adjustment, attitudes and self esteem toward child rearing with the heterosexual mothers. The second make looks at the sexual orientation and gender identity of children who have been raised by gay parents. The study reported that none of those children showed any confusion in gender identity, wished to be of the other sex or engaged in behavior of the cross gender. There were also no differences found in the boys or girls preference of toys, activities, games, friendship or dressing code with the same sex parents in comparison with heterosexual parents, nor sexual attraction difference or identification of self as gay (Stacey Biblarz, 2001).The third area of study looked at the emotional and social development of children. It compared children who have been raised by divorced lesbians with those raised by divorced heterosexual mothers. There was no difference found in behavioral difficulties, quality of family relationships, peer group relationships, academic success, and personality measures. The study h owever, suggest one meaningful difference that children raised by lesbian parents are more likely to leap out diversity and are likely to be more nurturing towards younger kids than those children raised by heterosexual parents (Hirsch Sears, 2004).Most of the researches conducted about gay parenting have the same conclusion that the clue that children raised by gay parents suffer has no base. The only earthshaking difference as suggested by some license is that children raised by same sex parents are much freer in occupation and behavior explorations which are not hampered by traditional gender roles than children raised by heterosexual parents and thus a good thing (Stacey Biblarz, 2001).According to Stacey and Biblarz (2001), those who oppose to parental rights of lesbian and gay couples claim that children of these couples are at a broad(prenominal)er risk of outcomes that are negative. Most psychological research however, concludes that the developmental outcomes of kids raised by same sex parents and those raised by heterosexual parents are no different (Stacey Biblarz, 2001). Several lawyers and activists who are struggling to defend adoption petitions and child custody by gay men and lesbians or attaining the marriage rights of the same gender have been self-made on drawing on the research (Stacey Biblarz, 2001).In reference to Kurdek (2004), a comparison of both partners from cohabiting gay and lesbian couples with no children was done with those of matrimonial heterosexual couples with children. Of the 50 (%) comparisons, there were no differences between the heterosexual partners with the gay and lesbian partners. Differences were found on the 78 (%) comparisons, which indicated that the same sex couples functioned better than did the heterosexuals. According to Kurdek, since the same variables were used to predict the concurrent relationship constancy and quality for both same sex parents and heterosexual parents, he concludes that ther e should be generalization across the heterosexual, gay and lesbian couples by those processes which decide the functioning in relationships (Kurdek, 2004).There are a few studies intention to establish characteristics of children raised by gay couple which are negative, these negative characteristics tend to however be discounted as they are associated with researchers and organizations that are anti gay. While there is a need for further study of gay parenting, it is much move in that theres no reason found by the accusing researchers to accept the idea that children of gay parents need protection (Hirsch Sears, 2004). According to Rekers (2004), the atomic number 18 regulation that denies foster parents licenses to those adults behaving in a homosexual way has a rational basis from three reasons. These areFrom the inherent structure and genius of homosexually behaving adults households, foster children are endangered as they are exposed to a substantial harmful stress level s that are far above heterosexual homes levels of stress. There is normally a high psychological disorder incidence in children entering foster care ranging from 29-96 (%) hence in the heraldic bearing of adults with homosexual behavior in the foster home they are indefensible to increased maladjustment and psychological harm (Hirsch Sears, 2004).Same sex relationships are comfortably short lived and significantly less stable compared to a man and a woman marriage hence the rate of household transition is high in foster homes with same sex couples (Hirsch Sears, 2004).Foster children in homes with members behaving in a homosexual manner are deprived of the vitally unavoidable positive child adjustment contributions which are due to the inherent genius of their foster homes and which are present only in heterosexual foster homes which are licensed. Some of these contributions are a father or a mother model, lack of a father or mother childbearing contributions, and lack of a wife -husband relationship model (Rekers, 2004).According to Gerstmann (2004), it is clear that it has not been for certain established by the social science data that the lesbian or gay men households are not optimum environments for children to be raised. But this does not make it for the society to irrationally read that the biological father and mother should raise a child for its best. According to Social science data, we should be cautious to assume that traditional families compared to families of the same sex are better environments for raising children. Again, we actually cannot say that hypothesizing that children being raised by both a father and mother emolument is irrational (Gerstmann, 2004).ConclusionLesbians and gay men form families which are identical in appearance like those of non-gay families. Within the last couple of years in the gay and lesbian communities, there has been increased awareness of the fact that the possibility of being a parent is not ruled o ut by being gay. Homosexual parenting is when gay men or lesbians become biological or non biological parents to one or more children. Despite the controversy surrounding marriage of the same couples recently, there has not been established a reliable number of estimates of lesbian and gay couples. This is because when one presents himself or herself to the public as part of a lesbian or gay couple is subjected to abuse, discrimination and even violence, these numbers are likely to be underestimated as many do not come out in the open.Most of the researches conducted about gay parenting have the same conclusion that the suggestion that children raised by gay parents suffer has no base. The only significant difference as suggested by some evidence is that children raised by same sex parents are much freer in occupation and behavior explorations which are not hampered by traditional gender roles than children raised by heterosexual parents and thus a good thing. It is clear that it ha s not been certainly established by the social science data that the lesbian or gay men households are not optimal environments for children to be raised. But this does not make it for the society to irrationally assume that the biological father and mother should raise a child for its best. According to Social science data, we should be cautious to assume that traditional families compared to families of the same sex are better environments for raising children.

Task Based Approach to Language Learning

delegate Based Approach to Language LearningThe past decade has witnessed the advent of parturiency-based instructional onrushes in different names including problem-based check up oning, situated moldedness and case-based reading. though varied in names, they all seem to reserve one subject in common they disturb scholarly persons involved with chores or problems as contrasted with to a greater extent(prenominal) traditionalistic topic-centered curriculum climaxes. (Merrill, 2007). Proponents of task-based training believe that learners involved with real- human problems form grab schema and mental models as they collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their experience. Task-based instructional approaches make been widely adopted across a wide commixture of discipline aras including medical training, social work, design, and spoken communication learning. This paper depart converse the implication of the task-based approach to second phraseology lear ning where the method has been progressively adopted and tried in many linguistic process classrooms across the world in the late past. In this paper, the impact of task-based spoken language learning will be explored with special regard to bighearted learners whose distinctive characteristics make task-based approaches much plausible and beneficial.Task-based instruction is a small, yet fast growing, trend in contemporary second language teaching. To give an example, the ERIC database shows all over 120 articles on this issue since the first-class honours degree of this millennium. In order to discuss task-based learning properly, it is eventful to understand what the term task means. Task has been defined by assorted researchers including Nunan (2004) who wrote that a task is a piece of classroom work that involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language (p.9). Earlier than Nunan, Jane Willis (1996) defined task as an act ivity where the target language is used by the learner for a communicatory purpose (goal) in order to achieve an issuance (p.23). While definitions vary or sowhat among scholars, they all emphasize that pedagogical task involves communicative language use where users attention is focused on pith rather than grammatical form (Nunan, 2006, p.17).Stemming from the constructivist theory of learning, task-based instruction has emerged in result to the limitations of the traditional uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (presentation, practice and performance) paradigm (Ellis, 2003). While the PPP approach is relatively straightforward and well-structured to be easily understood by some(prenominal) students and beginner teachers, it has overly been criticized considerably for the characteristic that it is far too teacher-oriented and over controlled. Further much, the trend of globalization has urged educators and governments to improve communicative competence among second language learners, a nd the PPP approach has non been effective in fulfilling the mission. Short, Harste Burke argued that the behaviouristic PPP approach in language instruction has been to set up desired goals independently of the learners or the situation, present language in a structured and linear fashion, then attempt to reinforce the content through with(predicate) non-contextualized practices. As a result, learners end up knowing about the language but not how to use it (as cited in Abdullah, 1998). As an alternative to the PPP paradigm, task-based slighton is designed around authentic and meaningful real-world tasks, which learners are asked to complete collaboratively as they interact among each other making use of all accessible language resources they own. The approach is based on the fundamental assumption that, as Jeon (2006) noted, language learning is a developmental process promoting communication and social interaction rather than a product acquired by practicing language items, and that learners learn the target language to a greater extent effectively when they are naturally heart-to-heart to meaningful task-based activities.(p.193)Task-based approach is recognized as an effective means of underdeveloped students language output and interaction. More student-centered learning milieu helps learners exercise great flexibility in using language, develop linguistic fluency, and deed overs for meaningful communication. legitimate tasks carefully drawn from real-world situations will keep learners engaged and motivated more easily, which will result in better learning. As Harrington, Oliver and Reeves (2003) have pointed out, more contextualized exercises, as contrasted with academic and decontextualized vacuum, will create a learning surround which will have learners immersed in problem solving within pictorial situations. The approach ultimately help teachers bridge the gap between language practically used in real world and unnatural language used wit hin the world of school.In spite of growing recount of success, task-based instruction shows some limitations as well. One of the most significant and oftentimes voiced criticisms is that the method is not as effective or leave to lower take aim language learners with limited prior linguistic fellowship as it is to higher train students. Due to the significant amount of cognitive burden it poses on learners, beginning language learners who are asked to complete a challenging task in the target language often take a chance the situation frustrating and, as a result, develop resistance to the learning method. When asked to use all the language they can muster to express themselves, beginning language learners who are unfamiliar with the learning context may not feel comfortable or productive as if they are thrown and twisted to a deep sea when they cannot swim (Willis, 1996). In task-based learning classrooms, foiling is not only with learners but with teachers as well. In his survey conducted among position as Second Language (ESL) teachers in East Asian countries, Littlewood (2007) open out that tell obstacles to adopting task-based instructional approach in their classrooms were 1) difficulties getting causeless students participate in tasks that usually require a higher level of motivation and enthusiasm from learners, and 2) inability to manage classroom as students get easily distracted and become noisy as they engage in group interaction to complete tasks collaboratively.While these difficulties tend to arise more conspicuously in classrooms involving younger students, cock-a-hoop learners may benefit more from task-based instruction. In general, adult learners demonstrate distinctive characteristics that set them apart from younger learners, and some of these learning characteristics make task-based approach more plausible and withdraw for adult learners. Knowles (1990) developed adult learning theory of Andragogy based on the following as sumptions (1) Adults guide to know why they need to learn something, (2) Adults need to learn experientially, (3) Adults are life-centered (or task- or problem-centered) in their orientation to learning, (4) Adults become attain to learn when their life situation create a need to learn, (5) Adults have a self-concept of being responsible for their own decisions, and (6) Adults are motivated to learn by internal factors rather than external ones. According to these assumptions, adult learners are more motivated and more eager to learn than younger learners, have clearer goals and needs than younger learners who often might be learning a language only because it is required, and take control of their own learning. They are also oriented towards problem-solving learning and they learn best when knowledge is presented in real-life context. Obviously, constructivist task-based instructional approach and Andragogy share many aspects in common as they both emphasize ownership of the lear ning process by learners, experiential learning and a problem-solving approach to learning (Huang, 2002). Therefore, task-based approach can be seen as an ideal match for adult learners who in general are less likely to pose above mentioned concerns voiced by teachers.As compared to traditional pedagogy, task-based instructional method demands increased competencies from teachers who will play a key role in making task-centered language learning successful. As a facilitator, teachers need to infuse the spirit of adventurism in the class to turn students into progressive learners who are willing to take a risk. It is also important that teachers allow learners time to make gradual adjustment to the unfamiliar learning method, furnish necessary encouragement in the process, and build confidence (Curran, Deguent, Lund, Miletto, Straeten, 2000). Effective teachers in the task-based learning environment should also be able to vary the level of tasks to accommodate the needs of beginne r or lower level learners in their classrooms.Effective language classroom instruction strategies require more than a simple understanding of the significance of communication skills. To help learners become prompt communicators, teachers should be able to employ instructional strategies that allow and support sufficient practicing of the language they have learned. Task-based instructional approach creates a learning environment where learners take control of their own learning and freely explore communicative skills focusing on tasks that are drawn from authentic real-world situations. Despite some limitations, task-based approach is still an attractive method in the field of language learning. The approach can be particularly useful in classrooms involving adult learners since their distinctive learning characteristics well match the constructivist elements of the task-based learning. With a wide compartmentalization of learning options such as distance learning readily getta ble to todays adult learners, the number of classrooms involving adult learners has increased significantly in recent years. Although no single method fits all classrooms and learners in all contexts, task-based approach seems to be a highly viable option especially for adult language learners. Amidst more language classrooms moving away from traditional teacher-centered learning activities to student-centered learning environments, the responsibilities of instructors have become even greater in the instructional design process to devise adequate strategies to guide learners towards successful learning.