Great Expectations and Life as a fruit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Great Expectations and Life as a fruit - Essay Example 23). The intense echo of this note is felt in Pip's relating to his own home and the surrounding marshes. However, even if the child sees the sky above the marshes as "just a row of long angry red lines and dense black lines intermixed" (Dickens, 1993, p.7), the adult returns to the long-familiar landscape with brighter views and a lighter heart. The home which "had never been a very pleasant place" (Dickens, 1993, p. 109) comes to be reconsidered in the end, when happier circumstances turn its windows "gay with flowers" (Dickens, 1993, p. 473). The contrast between the thoughts of the unhappy child and those of the relieved young man is made possible by a shift from the foggy atmosphere of the marshes during wintertime to the sunny air of the same marshes during June. The terrifying Hulks of a long gone cold season are forgotten to the advantage of more agreeable conditions. Once, the house set so close to the anchoring Hulks had occasioned nightmares to a small boy frightened not only by his sister's manner towards him, but also by an awful convict's threats. Now, the mists having risen and the boy no longer scared, the atmosphere is cheery as well. Therefore, places and people are strongly connected. ... The childhood marshes and house merge and generate an overall feeling that everything is wrong and nothing good will turn out of it. However, as the plot develops, Pip discovers that there is some kind of hope beyond the mists and the house. He 'escapes' into another despairing atmosphere, that of the Satis House. The gloomy exterior of the building, with "great many iron bars on it some of the windows walled up" (Dickens, 1993, p. 56), announces nothing constructive. The garden, "overgrown with tangled weeds" (Dickens, 1991, p. 65), causes more reason of concern. Everything here is out of date and creates the feeling that Pip has somehow entered a forbidden land. The feeling becomes even more intense when Pip meets Miss Havisham. The dressing room, where everything is "in a state to crumble under a touch" (Dickens, 1993, p. 89), the yellow-white colour of the bride-gown, the rotten bride-cake and the decaying bride herself compose an image of disintegration in the happening. What would have been of this alive, yet decomposing woman, had her hopes been realized Two conclusions can be drawn from her behaviour: one, she is a very decided character, and two, she carries her decision to the extreme. Nonetheless, even if everything in the Satis House is a "heap of decay" (Dickens, 1993, p. 89), the misery here is not equal to poverty. It is just the result of some rich woman's pain carried up to eccentricity. If the circumstances had been different, her will would have made her a popular, wealthy Victorian woman, most likely able and eager to manage the issues concerning the house, and to act as her husband's perfect companion at gatherings specific to their

The Shaping of Character of Pecola Through Her Family and Her Society Essay Example for Free

The Shaping of Character of Pecola Through Her Family and Her Society Essay The Bluest eyes is the work of Toni Morrison. In this novel we can see that there are many characters that are very interesting to analyze it. Because the characters are very characteristic. We can see at the main character of the bluest eyes, Pecola. Pecola has psychological problem that is very interesting to analyze. So in here I want to analyze the character of Pecola that is shaped from her family and her society. In here the big question for analyze the changing of Pecola’s character: What make Pecola want to have blue eyes and get it until she seems crazy? And for this question, I use close reading and Psychoanalysis for know about the changing of Pecola’s Character and what the psychology problem in herself. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis studies the often times skewed ways in which the mind expresses feelings. Those feelings range from anxiety and fear to hostility and sexual desire, and they can originate in a range of sources, from the traumas of personal history to the instincts of the body. Psychoanalysis is also concerned with the dynamics of interpersonal relations with the way the self is formed through interactions with its familial and sociocultural environment. Depending on the school of psychoanalysis one heeds, the study of mind’s operation in literature should be concerned either with the unconscious and the instincts or with the family, personal history, and the social world that shapes the self. Several reading strategies emerge from these psychoanalytic theories. A text might be read for the way unconscious material manifests itself through indirect means- images or descriptions that evoke psychological issues. The relation between characters might be studied for what they disclose about family dynamics and the way such dynamics shape selves. A psychoanalysis reading might also attend to such themes or issues as separation, loss, boundaries, fusion with others, and the struggle to form a coherent and functioning self out a damaging context or traumatic personal history. Finally, language itself can be studied as a means of instantiating unconscious processes and working through some of the issues an emerging self faces as it struggles for adult existence or as it seeks to come to terms with disturbing unconscious material. Pecola, her family and her society Pecola is a girl who eleven years old. Her father is Cholly Breedlove and her mother is Pauline Breedlove and her brother is Sammy. They are a poor family. In the beginning story have been described they have ugliness and describing of their ugliness is very clear. â€Å"Mrs. Breedlove, Sammy Breedlove, and Pecola Breedlovewore their ugliness, put it on, so to speak, although it did not belong to them. The eyes, the small eyes set closely together under narrow foreheads. The low, irregular hairlines, which seemed even more irregular in contrast to the straight, heavy eyebrows which nearly met. Keen but crooked noses, with insolent nostrils. They had high cheekbones, and their ears turned forward. Shapely lips which called attention not to themselves but to the rest of the face. You looked at them and wondered why they were so ugly; you looked closely and could not find the source. † (Morrison: 30) Pauline has bad character. She is a mother but she does not like a mother. Even she is more love to her boss’ daughter than her daughter. She feels disgusted to her daughter. She does her daughter like Pecola is not her daughter. She always treat Pecola and through ill treatment makes Pecola hate herself. Cholly, he is worst father. He is a drinker and he hate her daughter, Pecola. Even he rape Pecola. You can imagine that if there is a father rape her daughter? It shows to us he is worst father in the world. There are some characters that effect Pecola’s character. There are Frieda and Claudia who always love and keep Pecola from enable dangerous from their society. For example when Bay Boy, Woodrow Cain, Buddy Wilson, Junie Bug tried to mock Pecola, Frieda actually helped Pecola and made the black boys go away from them. Since that menstruation Pecola was in Claudia’s house because she had no house. Frieda and Claudia are very kind to her. They always play together. At one moment, when Frieda, Claudia and Pecola discussed about what they must do. The first proposal from Frieda to Pecola was go to Mr. Henry’s house to see girlie magazine. Suddenly in middle their discussion, blood was running down in her legs. Claudia was very panic and Frieda suddenly knew what they have to do. â€Å"Frieda said, Oh. Lordy! I know. I know what that is! What? Pecolas fingers went to her mouth. Thats ministratin. Whats that? You know. Am I going to die? she asked. Noooo. You wont die. It just means you can have a baby! (21) And her mother came and helped Frieda that is helping Pecola. After that happen, in the night they lay down in the bed and Frieda and Claudia awe and respect to Pecola because it means that Pecola is now grown up. There is a question from Pecola Is it true that I can have a baby now? and that question was answered by Frieda and said that â€Å"sure†. And Pecola asked again to Frieda â€Å"but†¦how? † and â€Å"Oh, said Frieda, somebody has to love you. . and Pecola asked again How do you do that? I mean, how do you get somebody to love you? but that question was not answered by Frieda because she had been asleep. Somebody has to love you? â€Å"Somebody has to love you. † That is the answer for Pecola where when the maturity that is signed by menstruation and based on the answer of Frieda how Pecola can have a baby. I think that statement â€Å"somebody has to love you† make Pecola think about how the way someone loves her. But the fact, there is no one love her include her family. That evidences are her mother didn’t like her, her father and her friends too. They hate her very much because of her ugliness. From at that time she thought to how the way somebody loves her and actually she has no her own standard of beauty based the standard of beauty generally in America. That is has white skin and has blue eyes. Her mind has been suggested by that standard of beauty. So she wants to have a pair of blue eyes. If she had a pair of blue eyes and can fulfill the standard of beauty, there’s somebody love her. But actually and true fact she did not have blue eyes and can’t fulfill the standard of beauty. Contrast to Pecola’s longing who want to fulfill the standard of beauty and everyone loves her. She even accept cruel treatment form her society especially from her family. Like I said before, her father and her mother did not like her very much. One day, when Frieda and Claudia visited to Pecola’s house, there is something happen that make Pauline was very anger. â€Å"Mrs. Breedlove yanked her up by the arm, slapped her again, and in a voice thin with anger, abused Pecola directly and Frieda and me by implication. Crazy fool my floor, mess look what you ork get on out now out crazy my floor, my floor my floor. Her words were hotter and darker than the smoking berries, and we backed away in dread. The little girl in pink started to cry. Mrs. Breedlove turned to her. Hush baby, hush. Come here. Oh, Lord, look at your dress. Dont cry no more. Polly will change it. †(85) That borned out that Pauline did not love Pecola very much and she prefer that baby than her daughter, Pecola. Her father is very cruel. He raped her own daughter and this made Pecola thought that her life is very bad and make her frustration. She thought that if she had a white skin and beautiful girl maybe her mother and her father did not do bad thing to her. So do her friends. Her friends did bad thing to Pecola too. She was ever mocked by black boys (Bay Boy,Woodrow Cain, BuddyWilson, Junie Bug ), â€Å"Black e mo. Black e mo. Yadaddsleepsnekked. Black e mo black e mo ya dadd sleeps nekked. Black e mo † and Maureen did too â€Å"I am cute! And you ugly! Black and ugly black e mos. I am cute! †. Everything her friends and her family did to Pecola made Pecola hated herself. Her face was very ugly and her body was black skin. The ugliness from herself have made her think about herself. One day, she has ever seen in front of the mirror and thought that she was really ugly and everyone did not want she is there. â€Å"Long hours she sat looking in the mirror, trying to discover the secret of the ugliness, the ugliness that made her ignored or despised at school, by teachers and classmates alike. She was the only member of her class who sat alone at a double desk. The first letter of her last name forced her to sit in the front of the room always. But what about Marie Appolonaire? Marie was in front of her, but she shared a desk with Luke Angelino. Her teachers had always treated her this way. They tried never to glance at her, and called on her only when everyone was required to respond. †(Morrison, 37) She thought that how beautiful she is if she has blue eyes. Yeah she wanted to have blue eyes. So their friend like and love her and did not something make her be anger and hate at herself. Why, look at pretty-eyed Pecola. We mustnt do bad things in front of those pretty eyes. Pretty eyes. Pretty blue eyes. Big blue pretty eyes. Run, Jip, run. Jip runs, Alice runs. Alice has blue eyes. Jerry has blue eyes. Jerry runs. Alice runs. They run with their blue eyes. Four blue eyes. Four pretty blue eyes. Blue-sky eyes. †(Morrison, 37) For reach her purpose to get blue eyes, she went to meet Soaphead who work in church. Do what for you? I cant go to school no more. And I thought maybe you could help me. Help you how? Tell me. Dont be frightened. My eyes. What about your eyes? I want them blue. (Morrison, 146) But Soaphead lies Pecola. He made something that did not make sense. He tried to lie with reaction of the dog. If the dog had strange behavior, it meant that her purpose had been acceded. She had blue eyes. But the dog behaves strangely and made Pecola thought that she has had blue eyes. In the end, she seemed crazy because she always talk with her own self. She felt she have had a pair blue eyes. The bluest eyes she had than Alice and Jerry in storybooks, bluer than Joanna’s, bluer than Michelena’s. pecola had the bluest eyes than her friends. Pecola and Psychological Problem Psychoanalysis discuss psychological problem in character. Character that loss identity and happen struggle at self to be interesting discussion in The Bluest Eyes novel. The main character is Pecola. In the beginning story there’s no happen in Pecola’s mind but after she always get ill treatment from her mother, her father and her friends, her character has changed. Her society makes herself change. Pecola does not thank to God upon her body’s condition. Even she hates herself and want to be the other that have blue eyes. Everything she has done include goes to Church to meet Soaphead that she believe can accede her dream want to have a pair of blue eyes. Unfortunately, she is just eleven years old girl and does not know that her condition can’t change because that is nature form birth. Soaphead is easier to lie her and make her seem crazy because she feel she have had blue eyes and in the end story she seems talk to herself and proud to have blue eyes. How sad she is. â€Å"The Bluest Eye portrays in poignant terms the tragic condition of the blacks in racist America. It examines how the ideologies perpetuated by the dominant groups and adopted by the marginalgroups influence the identity of the black women. Bombarded by image of white beauty, Morrison’s characters lose themselves to selfhatred and their only aim in life is to be white. They try to erase their heritage, and eventually like Pecola Breedlove, the protagonist,who yearns for blue eyes, have no recourse except madness. †(Bharati, Joshi, 39) Conclusion The bluest eyes is a novel that tell about the tragic condition of the black in racist America. Pecola that have black skin and does not fulfill the standard of beauty feel suffer and do everything to do fulfill that standard although in the end of the story she seems crazy because she has hallucination have a pair of bluest eyes. It show psychological problem at herself. Her family and her society that make her become to want the standard of beauty.

Belonging and Difference in Imagined Communities Essay -- Media Commun

Belonging and Difference in Imagined Communities Much recent theory has been concerned with defining and examining 'new media': the forms of communication and mediation that have arisen through advances in electronics and digital technologies. These new media forms and the speed of their dissemination are paralleled by faster transportation and the movement and subsequent settlement of peoples across the globe in what has come to be called 'diaspora'. The situation is such that many of the old boundaries and barriers by which nations defined themselves have become less certain, challenged by the increasing power of people to move across them whether literally or figuratively. Diaspora has become a term in academic parlance that is associated with the experience of travel or the introduction of ambiguity into discourses of home and belonging. It is in some ways a reaction to liberal ideas of multiculturalism. Diasporic subjects often seem to be under the 'law of the hyphen' (Mishra, 421-237), they defy 'classical epistemologies' and 'jostle to find room in a space that has yet to be semanticized, the dash between two surrounding words'. Today, there are many more people whose bodies do not 'signify an unproblematic identity of selves with nations' (Mishra, 431). According to Vijay Mishra, this gives rise to the creation in plural/multicultural societies of an 'impure genre of the hyphenated subject' (Mishra, 433). This subject is in search of an ultimate national identity, with the meaning of such unwieldy nomenclatures as African-American, Asian-Australian and the like not coming to rest on either constitutive term, but being 'lost' somewhere in the hyphen. New media both exacerbate and alleviate this exilic consciousness... .... New York, Hampton Press, 1996, p 132. Mishra, Vijay. â€Å"The Diasporic Imaginary: Theorizing the Indian Diaspora.† Textual Practice 10:3: (1996): 421-237. Papastergiadis, Nikos. â€Å"Introduction: In Home in Modernity.† In Dialogues in the Diasporas, New York University Press, 1998. Shohat, Ella. â€Å"By the Bitstream of Babylon: Cyberfrontiers and Diasporic vistas.† Home, Exile, Homestead: Film, Media and the Politics of Place, ed Hamid Naficy, NY, Routledge, 1998, p 219. Sinfield, Alan. â€Å"Diaspora and Hybridity: Queer Identities and the Ethnicity Model.† Textual Practice 10:2, 1996, p 271-293. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. â€Å"Diasporas old and new: women in the transnational world.† Textual Practice 10:2, 1996, p 245-269. Tepper, Michele. "Usenet Communities and the Cultural Politics of Information" in Internet Culture, ed. Porter, D. Routledge, London, 1997.

Nursing Exemplar Essay

I arrived to work well rested and ready to start the day. I had just returned after a two week long vacation. Because of the time off, I arrived to 7 East to find that the assortment of patients was not familiar at all. As I began getting reports on my patients, one in particular I started to feel a little anxious and stressed. At first glance I could tell I would be busy for the next twelve hours. Lynda was a 45 year old woman that was admitted almost a week ago after having an emergent tracheostomy placed. Lynda was newly diagnosed with laryngeal cancer with already having several other diagnoses including: seizure disorders, mild mental retardation, behavioral issues, and was legally blind. Lynda also lived in an apartment for assisted living, and her only support that was occasional present was her brother, Steven. That first day I have Lynda, she was started on a full liquid diet. It quickly became clear that she was aspirating food. She was very angry with me after I took away her first real meal she was having in 5 days. After the physicians came to see Lynda and she had a swallow evaluation preformed it was decided that the best option for Lynda would be to have a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placed, for feedings. Lynda was added to the schedule and had her PEG tube placed that day. She was not happy with me and blamed me. I explained to Lynda why she needed to have the PEG tube, she told me that she understood why, but just wanted to go home. I told her that we just had to look at this as another path she had to take in order to get home. I told her that if she was able to care for her tracheostomy that a PEG tube would be nothing. It was at about this point I learned that even though, she had already been on our floor for almost a week with what would be a permanent tracheostomy no one had yet taught her to suction herself. As they were calling for her to go downstairs for the PEG tube placement, I assured Lynda that she was strong and that she would be able to do this. I told her that I would be there when she came back, and I would be there all week to teach her. With that Lynda felt confident and off she went. As Lynda was having her PEG tube I was thinking about all the questions I had about Lynda. I started reading her history and physicals, and the clinic reports. The first clinic appointment she had was when she came in almost one week ago. At this visit she was told that she was not breathing adequately enough and it was because she had a large tumor that was starting to block off her airway. She was told that she need to have a tracheostomy and soon before it would close off her airway, and then she had two options radiation so see if it would shrink the tumor or surgery to remove the tumor. She agreed to have the tracheostomy and planed to have surgery as it was explained to be her best option. It really didn’t say if Lynda understood the full extent of the surgery she would have, she just saw it as something she had to do and then she could go home. While waiting for Lynda to come back I met her friend Sister Mary. Sister Mary told me all about Lynda, about how she has known her since she was a teenager and all the hardships that Lynda has gone though. Of the many things I learned about Lynda from Sister Mary was that Lynda was a trooper and she would be able to care for her tracheostomy and PEG tube. As my shift came to an end, and Lynda was still in recovery. I decided to write Lynda a note that state for her to get some rest because we had a busy day ahead of us tomorrow. Day two, my mission was to teach Lynda the basics of self suctioning. As I walked into her room this morning she was all smiles and told me she was ready to learn. We started with the basics showing and explaining her tracheostomy tube and the suction catheters to her. I then gave her a dummy doll we teach patients how to suction on, and she was able to show all the correct steps that I have taught her on the dummy. At this point in the day after lots of practicing Lynda was able to remove the inner cannula tube of her tracheostomy and clean it. The look on Lynda’s face was that of incredible confidence, I was truly impressed with her. By the end of our second twelve hour shift, Lynda had learned how to suction herself. It was passed along in report to simply encourage her independence in suctioning herself. Day three, my mission was to teach Lynda the proper care of her PEG tube, and to continue with the encouragement of her suctioning herself. After walking her though a bolus feeding in the morning, she agreed to do the next one. Lunch time came around and sure enough, she was able to complete the bolus feeding with minimum assistance. By the time came for the next feeding she was going to get the can of food to do it herself when I had walked in the room. She laughed and told me I was right that the PEG tube was a lot easier than suctioning. At this point in Lynda’s stay I knew that she would be going home soon. Later that evening, while discussing Lynda’s progress over the last few days with the physicians I asked them what the plan was and instructed them that we needed to get nutrition, social work, and case management involved so that she could go home. The physicians stated that they would place the consults that I requested but as for discharge they were unsure about when this would happen because Lynda’s brother doesn’t think she can care for herself on her own. I was shocked to hear this, the brother who I had not seen in the last three days, and from what I heard hadn’t even come to visit Lynda at all. I voiced my concerns with this to the physicians, and told them she has shown myself and other nurses her ability to care for herself, and maybe they should suggest that her brother come in and see her care for herself. I had their attention, and they called the brother to tell him all that she has done and suggested that he come in to see her new abilities because they would like to send her home. Before I left that evening I told Lynda about what the physicians had said and about her brother’s fears. I told her that it was now her time to shine if she wanted to go home and that I believed in her. After being off for two days, I was so delighted to hear that Lynda was going to go home that day. Lynda requested to have me be her nurse that day, from what I gathered she had been asking where I was. Her discharge went off like a breeze, everything fell right into place. Lynda told me that she was going to miss me, and I told her she would see me soon enough. She was coming back for her surgery in two weeks. When Lynda came back for her surgery, she had wrote me a letter, telling me that I was more that her nurse, I was her friend and that she was grateful I believed in her. Lynda had become a more difficult patient to have after her surgery, and she would need frequent encouragement to perform the tasks that we already knew she could do. It took Lynda a period of time to realize that all the nurse’s and not just I knew that she could do all these things. Once Lynda realized that it was her choice and responsibility, she started suctioning and feeding herself again. Even to this day Lynda comes to visit me on the floor when she comes in for her clinic visits. I always get a big hug and smile from her. She reminds me that the things I do every day as a nurse make such a positive impact on my patients. This experience taught to trust my instincts and to believe in my patients. I am no longer afraid to speak up with it comes to advocating for my patients. My role as an advocate for Lynda helped her to obtain her main goal of going home. I was able to offer support, guidance, and knowledge to help ensure that she would be able to care for herself in a safe manner.

Against Anti †Social Activities Essay

Antisocial behaviour: the construction of a crime Now the New Labour government has revealed its ‘respect’ agenda, the problem of ‘antisocial behaviour’ has moved to the forefront of political debate. But what is it? by Stuart Waiton ‘Antisocial: opposed to the principles on which society is constituted.’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 1885). ‘Antisocial: contrary to the laws and customs of society; causing annoyance and disapproval in others: children’s antisocial behaviour.’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989). ‘Antisocial behaviour’ is used as a catch-all term to describe anything from noisy neighbours and graffiti to kids hanging out on the street. Indeed, it appears that almost any kind of unpleasant behaviour is now categorised as antisocial, with the behaviour of children and young people most often labelled as such (1). This expresses a growing perception that the ‘laws and customs of society’ are being undermined by rowdy youngsters. Yet the term ‘antisocial behaviour’ was rarely used until the 1990s. Throughout the 1980s a couple of articles a year were printed in the UK discussing antisocial behaviour, whereas in January 2004 alone ther e were over 1,000 such articles (2). Not even the most pessimistic social critic would suggest a parallel increase in problem behaviour. Indeed, in recent years there has been a slight fall in actual vandalism, for example, against a dramatic increase in newspaper mentions of antisocial behaviour (3). When looking at the issue of antisocial behaviour, the starting point for most commentators is to accept that the problem exists and to then work out why people are more antisocial today. The ‘collapse of communities’ is often seen as a key influence in the rise of antisocial behaviour, with young people growing up without positive role models and a framework within which to develop into sociable adults. This idea of the loss of a sense of community – or indeed of ‘society’ – rings true. We are indeed more atomised and individuated today, and there are fewer common bonds that hold people together and give them a ‘social identity’. It is less clear, however, that this necessarily means people are increasingly out of control, antisocial and on the road to criminality. Alternatively you could argue that this fragmentation of communities and of social values has helped foment a ‘culture of fear’ (4) – a culture that elevates what were previously understood as petty problems into socially significant ones. This essay examines the construction of the social problem of antisocial behaviour, by focusing, not on the behaviour of young people, but on the role of the political elite. It may be understandable for a tenants’ association or local councillor to be engaged by the issue of noisy neighbours and rowdy children – but for the prime minister to prioritise this issue as one of his main concerns for the future of the nation seems rather strange. What is it that has put ‘antisocial behaviour’ so high up on the political agenda? Constructing crime as a social problem When introducing laws against antisocial behaviour, curfews, and new crime initiatives, the New Labour government invariably asserts that these are in response to the concerns of the public. While there is undoubtedly a high level of public anxiety about crime and about the various problems and irritations now described as antisocial behaviour, this anxiety is clearly shaped by the concerns of the political elite. It is also worth noting that when the government highlights particular ‘social problems’ as being significant for society, it puts other issues and outlooks on the back burner. The elevation of crime and, more recently, antisocial behaviour, into a political issue has helped both to reinforce the significance given to this kind of behaviour and to frame the way social problems are understood. By defining antisocial behaviour as a major social problem, the political elite has, over the past decade, helped to generate a spiralling preoccupation with the petty behaviour of young people. At no time in history has the issue of crime as a social problem in and of itself been so central to all of the political parties in the UK – and yet, there has been a significant statistical fall in crime itself. The key difference between the moral panics over crime and social disorder in the past and anxiety about crime and disorder today is that this anxiety has now been institutionalised by the political elite. Up until the 1970s the political elite, as distinct from individual politicians and the media, generally challenged or dismissed the panics associated with youth crime and subsequently held in check the effects they had. In opposing certain calls for more laws and regulations on society, more reactionary ways of understanding these problems were often rejected and the insti tutionalisation of measures that help create new norms were equally opposed. For example, while the moral panic that arose in the media around the Mods and Rockers in the 1960s has been widely discussed thanks to Stanley Cohen’s famous study Folk Devils and Moral Panics, first published in 1972 (5), these concerns were marginal to politicians, and never became an organising principle of political life. More recently, however, the political elite has panicked and legislated on the strength of extreme one-off events, like for example the Dunblane shootings in 1996, which resulted in the banning of handguns, or the killing of Victoria Climbie in 2000, which led to legislation requiring schools to organise around child protection. An important consequence of the institutionalisation of anxiety is that in contrast to the intermittent moral panics of the past, panics are now an almost permanent feature of society. And whereas moral panics – particularly before the 1990s – were generated within a traditional conservative moral framework, today i t is the new ‘amoral’ absolute of safety within which they tend to develop. Politicising crime The politicisation of crime can be dated back to the 1970s, with the 1970 Conservative government being the first to identify itself explicitly as the party of law and order. As crime developed as a political issue through the 1970s, however, it was fiercely contested. When Conservatives shouted ‘law and order’, the left would reject the idea that crime was increasing or was a social problem in and of itself, pointing instead to the social problems thought to underlie it. Significant sections of the left, influenced in part by radical criminologists in the USA, challenged the ‘panics’ – as they saw them – promoted by the so-called New Right. They questioned the official statistics on crime, challenging the ‘labelling’ of deviants by ‘agents of social control’, and attacked the moral and political basis of these panics (6). Thus, the idea that crime was a broader ‘social problem’ remained contested. Crime b ecame a political issue at a time when there was an increase in serious political and social conflicts, following the more consensual political framework of the postwar period. Unemployment and strikes increased, as did the number of political demonstrations, and the conflict in Ireland erupted. In contrast to the current concern about crime and antisocial behaviour, which emerged in the 1990s, the New Right under Margaret Thatcher promoted crime as a problem very much within a traditional ideological framework. In 1988, Alan Phipps described the Tory approach to crime like this: ‘Firstly, it became conflated with a number of other issues whose connection was continually reinforced in the public mind – permissiveness, youth cultures, demonstrations, public disorders, black immigration, student unrest, and trade union militancy. Secondly, crime – by now a metaphorical term invoking the decline of social stability and decent values – was presented as only one aspect of a bitter harvest for which Labour’s brand of social democracy and welfarism was responsible.’ (7) As part of a political challenge to Labourism in the 1970s and 80s, Conservative prime minister Margaret Thatcher developed an authoritarian approach to the ‘enemy with in’, which attributed greater political significance to criminality than its effects on victims. Despite an increase in the financial support to the Victim Support schemes in the late 1980s, victims of crime were themselves often used politically, ‘paraded’ by Conservative politicians and by sections of the media as symbols of disorder, not as the central focus of law and order policy or rhetoric itself. Sociologist Joel Best describes a process of typification, whereby an often extreme example of crime is used to define a more general perceived problem (8). The ‘typical’ criminals of the 1970s and 1980s were the violent trade union militant and the young black mugger. Traditional British values and individual freedoms were contrasted to the collectivist, promiscuous values of the ‘enemy within’ (9). Even burglars were understood as being part of the ‘something for nothing society’. Here the ‘criminal’, whether the trade union member, the mugger or the burglar, far from being a victim of circumstance, was an enemy of the state, and, importantly, the damage being done was not primarily to the victim of crime but to the moral values of society as a whole. ‘Social control’ and ‘public order’ were promoted within both a political and moral framework in which the deviant in question was likewise understood to have certain political or moral traits that needed to be confronted. Where the petty criminal acts of children were mentioned, the target was not simply this behaviour itself, nor the impact it had on individuals, but rather the ‘soft liberal’ moral values – held by teachers and social workers – that it was argued were undermining British Victorian values of discipline and hard work. In keeping with this, Thatcher saw the responsibility for cutting crime not simply as that of the government or police, but also of the public, who, it was argued, should take action to defend themselves. Go directly to jail ‘The demand for law and order, which at first sight appears to attempt a restoration of moral standards, actually acknowledges and acquiesces in their collapse. Law and order comes to be seen as the only effective deterrent in a society that no longer knows the difference between right and wrong.’ (Christopher Lasch, Haven in a Heartless World, 1977.) American sociologist Christopher Lasch identified key developments in the USA in the 1970s. In the UK, while an increasing emphasis on law and order reflected a certain weakening of the political elite’s grip on society, crime had been understood in largely ideological and political terms. Thatcher used the issue of crime in the battle against Labourism and welfarism. By the early 1990s, however, things were changing fast. John Major’s desperate and ultimately failed attempt to revitalise the political dynamic of the Conservatives with his ‘Back to Basics’ campaign in 1993 demonstrated the Toriesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ inability to develop a political direction that engaged both the elite and the electorate, and it was at this point that the politics of crime took on a new, less ideological, but even more authoritarian character. The issue of ‘persistent young offenders’ became a political issue and a recognised ‘social problem’ in 1992 and exploded as an issue of concern in 1993. The ‘violent trade union militant’ was now replaced by this ‘persistent young offender’ as the ‘typical’ criminal, and, as then home secretary Michael Howard explained, ‘self-centred†¦young hoodlums’ would ‘no longer be able to use age’ as a way of hiding from the law (10). It is important to note that under Thatcher, despite the ‘most consistent, vitriolic and vindictive affront to justice and welfare’ in general, the criminal justice approach to young people developed under principles that resulted in ‘diversion, decriminalisation and decarceration in policy and practice with children in trouble’ (11). Despite the tough rhetoric with regard to adult crime, the Thatcher administration maintained a pragmatic and even progressive policy towards young offenders. Under John Major this all changed. The enemy within became ‘minors rather than the miners’ (12). With the end of the contestation between right and left, and the resulting decline in the ideological politicisation of crime, the direct control and regulation of the population substantially increased, and between 1993 and 1995 there was a 25 per cent increase in the number of people imprisoned (13). Politically-based authoritarianism was replaced by a more reactive ‘apolitical’ authoritarianism which was directed less at the politics and moral values of the organised labour movement and other enemies within, than at the more psychologically-framed behaviour of individuals. ‘Antisocial behaviour’ now began to be recognised as a significant ‘social problem’ around which new laws and institutional practices could be developed. Following Lasch, it appears that by 1993 law and order had come to be seen as the only effective resource for a political elite that no longer knew the difference between right and wrong. Rather than using the fight against crime in an effort to shape the moral and political outlook of adults in society, the Conservative government increasingly opted simply to lock people up, thus acknowledging and acquiescing in its own political and moral collapse. Cultures of crime As part of the growing preoccupation with the ‘underclass’, the floundering Major government also attacked what he described as a ‘yob culture’. This identification of an alien, criminal culture had developed in the late 1980s, as crime panics began to move away from concerns with the organised working class and shifted on to the behaviour of ‘hooligans’ and ‘lager louts’. The criminalisation of the working class, by the early 1990s, was framed not in political terms, but increasingly as an attack on the imagined ‘cultures’ of alien groups. These aliens were no longer black outsiders or militants, but white, working class, and young, who could be found not on demonstrations but in pubs and estates across the UK. The door was now open for an attack on the personal behaviour and habits of anyone seen to be acting in an ‘antisocial’ manner. The idea of there being alternative ‘cultures’, expressed by conservative thinkers at this time, implied that significant sections of the public were no longer open to civilising influences. However, and somewhat ironically, within criminological theory, this idea of impenetrable cultures had developed from radicals themselves back in the 1970s. Stanley Cohen and the cultural studies groups of the Birmingham Centre had been the first to identify youth cultures and deviant subcultures as specific types of people existing within a ‘different life-world’. At a time of greater political radicalism, these groups were credited with positive ‘difference’. With the decline of radical thought these imagined cultures were rediscovered in the 1990s, but this time were seen as increasingly problematic (14). In reality, the growing preoccupation with ‘cultures’ – for example the discovery of a ‘knife culture’ in 1992 – was a reflection of a loss of belief in politics as a way of understanding and resolving wider social problems. With the loss of ideologically based politics on the right and the left, reflected in the r ise of New Labour, the problem of crime became increasingly understood as a problem of and for individuals. New Labour, New Social Problems ‘What my constituents see as politics has changed out of all recognition during the 20 years or so since I first became their Member of Parliament. From a traditional fare of social security complaints, housing transfers, unfair dismissals, as well as job losses, constituents now more often than not ask what can be done to stop their lives being made a misery by the unacceptable behaviour of some neighbours, or more commonly, their neighbours’ children. The Labour MP Frank Field, in his book Neighbours from Hell: The Politics of Behaviour (2003), explained how politics had become a matter of regulating behaviour. Field neglected to ask himself whether poor housing and a lack of opportunities are no longer problems, or whether his constituents have simply lost faith in politicians’ ability to do anything about them. Similarly, Field ignored the role the Labour Party itself played in reducing politics to questions of noisy neighbours and rowdy youngsters, and the wa y in which New Labour in the 1990s helped to repose ‘traditional’ social concerns around issues of crime and disorder. A more fragmented and atomised public was undoubtedly subject to a ‘culture of fear’, but the role of New Labour was central to the promotion of concerns related to antisocial behaviour. Under Tony Blair, crime became a central issue for the Labour Party, especially after Blair’s celebrated ‘tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime’ speech in 1994. This ended any major political opposition to the recently reposed ‘social problem’ of crime. A key ‘right’ for New Labour now became the ‘right’ to be, and to feel, safe. By 1997 the New Labour manifesto was strikingly confrontational around the issues of crime and antisocial behaviour. As the Guardian newspaper noted in April of that year: ‘There are areas where Neil Kinnock’s manifesto barely ventured. In 1992, crime, for instance, rated five paragraphs and mainly concentrated on improving street lighting. Now law and order rates two pages with the n ow familiar â€Å"zero tolerance† strategies and child curfews fighting for room next to pledges to early legislation for a post-Dunblane ban on all handguns. Such policies seemed unthinkable five years ago. However, in this case, Blair’s â€Å"radicalism† – with its social authoritarian tinge – may play better with the centre rather than the Left.’ Freed from the politics of welfarism and the labour movement, New Labour in the early 1990s reoriented its approach to the politics of crime, not only accepting that crime was a key social problem in and of itself, but also in expanding it to include the non-criminal antisocial behaviour of ‘neighbours from hell’ and ‘antisocial youth’. With the prioritisation of crime and antisocial behaviour came a focus upon the emotional reaction of victims, reflected in the concern with the fear of crime. ‘Tackling the epidemic of crime and disorder’ was now a ‘top priority for Labour in government’ and ‘securing people’s physical security and freeing them from the fear of crime and disorder’ was described as the ‘greatest liberty government c an guarantee’ (15). Liberty was transformed from the active freedom of individuals, to the protection given to them by government and the police. In contrast to the social and economic framework within which crime had been largely understood by the ‘active’ labour movement in the 1980s, New Labour now addressed the problems of crime and disorder with reference to a more passive, disorganised and fragmented public. As the government took a more direct approach to tackling crime in its own terms, so the issue expanded to consume problems that previously had been understood in more political terms. Accordingly, social, economic and political solutions were replaced by attempts to regulate the behaviour of both criminals and antisocial neighbours and children. Imprisonment, antisocial behaviour orders and more intense forms of behaviour management of parents and children increasingly became the political solution offered by New Labour to these problems. Engaged by safety The term ‘community safety’ did not exist until the late 1980s, but has subsequently become a core strategic category around which local authorities and national government have developed community-based policies. Community safety is not about crime as such, but is more broadly about the fear of crime and of petty antisocial acts, especially committed by young people, and thought to undermine communities’ sense of security. Here the loss of ‘community’ that has been generated by such major social shifts as the defeat of the old Labour movement and the weakening of the postwar institutional welfare framework has been reinterpreted as a problem of mischievous children creating fear across society. An important watershed in the organisation of society around the issues of safety was then shadow home secretary Jack Straw’s notorious attack in 1995 on the ‘aggressive begging of winos, addicts and squeegee merchants’ (16). Only a year ea rlier, Straw had accused John Major of ‘climbing into the gutter alongside the unfortunate beggars’ when the prime minister had made seemingly similar comments (17). There was an important difference, however. Major and his chancellor Kenneth Clarke had attacked beggars as dole scroungers – ‘beggars in designer jeans’ who receive benefits and ‘think it is perfectly acceptable to add to their income by begging’. Still understanding crime through the political prism of welfarism, Clarke saw begging as a criminal act that defrauded the benefit system. In his later attack on beggars, Jack Straw redefined the issue. For Straw the problem was not the crime of begging or the political or economic problem of benefit fraud, but the disorderly and intimidating behaviour of the aggressive beggar, which was understood to increase the fear of crime and help to undermine society’s sense of wellbeing (18). Jack Straw believed that the Tories had failed to understand the significance of street disorder as a cause of the fear of crime, the ‘loutish behaviour and incivility’ that made the streets ‘uncomfor table, especially for women and black and Asian people’ (19). The issue for New Labour was not the political question of benefit fraud, but the emotional sense of security of a newly discovered vulnerable public. By the time the election year of 1997 came around the soon to be prime minister, Tony Blair, had elaborated on the typical beggar. This was not a man quietly scrounging money off the public, but the often drunken ‘in your face’ lout who would, ‘push people against a wall and demand money effectively with menace’ (20). No figures for the rise in bullying beggars were given, but Tony Blair noted that he himself sometimes felt frightened when he dropped his children off at King’s Cross in London – a notorious area for ‘winos’, prostitutes and ‘aggressive beggars’. Straw, using a well-worn feminist slogan, demanded that we ‘reclaim the streets’ – streets that had been ‘brutalised’ by beggars and graffiti vandals. The radical creation of victimhood Because much of this rhetoric of intimidation, abuse and the collapse of communities has its origins in the radical school of criminology, Labour politicians felt able to employ it without embarrassment. In the late 1980s, left-wing and feminist criminologists had a significant influence on Labour-run inner-city councils, carrying out victim surveys, and sitting on a number of council boards particularly within the Greater London Council. Developing out of the radical framework of the early 1970s, a number of such criminologists had become disillusioned with the fight for political and social change and, rather than challenging the focus on crime as an expression of class prejudice as they once might have, increasingly identified crime as a major issue, particularly for the poor, women and blacks who were now conceived of as ‘victims’ of crime. Instead of identifying with and engaging its constituency in terms of politics and public matters, the left sought a new relatio nship with the poor and oppressed based on their private fears and their sense of powerlessness. Identifying fear as a major factor in the disaggregation of these communities, the so-called ‘left realists’ noted that it was not only crime but the non-criminal harassment of women and petty antisocial behaviour of young people that was the main cause of this fear among victimised groups (21). The identification of harassed victims of antisocial behaviour rose proportionately with the declining belief in the possibility of radical social change. As the ‘active’ potential of the working class to ‘do’ something about the New Right declined, Jock Young and other realists uncovered the vulnerable ‘done to’ poor. Discussing the shift in Labour councils from radicalism to realism, Young noted that: ‘The recent history of radical criminology in Britain has involved a rising influence of feminist and anti-racist ideas and an encasement of left-wing Labour administrations in the majority of the inner-city Town Halls. An initial ultra -leftism has been tempered and often transformed by a prevalent realism in the wake of the third consecutive defeat of the Labour Party on the national level and severe defeats with regards to â€Å"rate capping† in terms of local politics. The need to encompass issues which had a widespread support among the electorate, rather than indulge in marginal or â€Å"gesture† politics included the attempt to recapture the issue of law and order from the right.’ (22) Indeed, crime and the fear of it became so central to Young’s understanding of the conditions of the working class that, on finding that young men’s fear of crime was low – despite their being the main victims of crime – he argued that they had a false consciousness. Rather than trying to allay women’s fears about the slim chance of serious crime happening to them, Young asked whether it ‘would not be more advisable to attempt to raise the fear of crime of young men rather than to lower that of other parts of the public?’. For the first time, it was safety that began to frame the relationship between the local authority and the public, expressing a shift from a social welfare model of that relationship to one of protection. The significance of the left realists and feminists at this time is that they were the first people systematically to redefine large sections of the working class as ‘victims’, and thus helped to reorient Labour local authorities towards a relationship of protection to the public at the expense of the newly targeted antisocial youth. It is this sense of the public as fundamentally vulnerable, coupled with the disengagement of the Labour Party from its once active constituency within the working class and the subsequent sense of society being out of control, that has informed the development of New Labour’s antisocial behaviour initiatives. Issues related to inner-city menace, crime and what was now labelled antisocial behaviour, which had been identified as social problems by conservative thinkers periodically for over a century, now engaged the Labour Party. Increasingly for New Labour, having abandoned extensive socioeconomic intervention, the problem of the disaggregation of communities and the subsequent culture of fear that grew out of the 1980s was identified as a problem of crime, disorder and more particularly the antisocial behaviour of young people. The Hamilton Curfew and the politics of fear The development of the politics of antisocial behaviour was accelerated in 1997 when the first ‘curfew’ in the UK was set up in a number of housing estates in Hamilton in the west of Scotland. Introduced by a Labour council, this was a multi-agency initiative involving the notoriously ‘zero tolerance’ Strathclyde Police and the council’s social work department. The curfew that followed was officially called the Child Safety Initiative. This community safety approach reflected a number of the trends identified above. Rather than tackling crime as such, the initiative was supposed to tackle the broader, non-criminal problem of antisocial behaviour, in order to keep the community free from crime and also, significantly, free from the fear of crime (23). The rights of people in the community promoted by this initiative were not understood in terms of a libertarian notion of individual freedoms, nor within a welfarist conception of the right to jobs and se rvices. Rather it was ‘the right to be safe’ and the ‘right to a quiet life’ that Labour councillors promoted. Without a collective framework within which to address social problems, and concomitantly without a more robust sense of the active individual, a relationship of protection was posited between the local authority and the communities in question. Talk of ‘rights and responsibilities’ implied the right of vulnerable individuals to be and feel safe, not by being active in their own community but rather by either keeping their children off the streets, or by phoning the police whenever they felt insecure. Advocates of the Child Safety Initiative identified all sections of the community as being at risk – children were at risk simply by being unsupervised; adults were at risk from teenagers who hung about the streets; and young people were at risk from their peers, who could, by involving one another in drink, drugs and crime, ‘set patterns’ for the rest of their lives, as the head of the social work department argued. Even those teenagers involved in anti social and criminal activities were understood as an ‘at risk’ group – the ‘juvenile delinquents’ of the past were thus recast as ‘vulnerable teenagers’ who needed protection from each other. The centrality of the concern with victims of crime, which has developed since the Hamilton curfew was first introduced, is reflected within the curfew itself. In effect all sections of the public were understood to be either victims or vulnerable, potential victims of their neighbours and of local young people. The legitimacy of the police and the local authority was based not on a wider ideological, political or moral platform, but simply on their ability to protect these victims. The politics of antisocial behaviour lacks any clear ideological or moral framework, and therefore it has no obvious constituency. In fact, the basis of the Child Safety Initiative was the weakness of community. Rather than being derived from a politically engaged public, the authority of the council and the police was assumed, or ‘borrowed’, from that public in the guise of individual victims. Accordingly, the police in Hamilton constantly felt under pressure to show that the potential victi ms they were protecting – especially the young people who were subject to the curfew – supported what they were doing. Of course, nobody has a monopoly on borrowed authority. A number of children’s charities similarly took it upon themselves to speak for the children, arguing that the curfew infringed their ‘rights’ and coming up with alternative surveys showing that young people opposed the use of curfews. There was little effort to make a substantial political case against the curfew, however. In fact, ‘child-friendly’ groups and individuals tended to endorse the presentation of young people and children as fundamentally vulnerable potential victims, and some opposed the curfew only on the basis that children would be forced back into the home where they were even more likely to be abused. Just as Blair was put on the defensive over his attack on aggressive begging by charities campaigning for the rights of the victimised homeless, so the curfew exposed the authorities to charges of ‘harassing’ or ‘bullying’ young people. Since the curfew w as justified precisely on the basis of protecting young people from these things, the charge was all the more damaging. This was more than a tricky PR issue: it demonstrated a fundamental problem with the politics of antisocial behaviour. In presenting the public as vulnerable and in need of protection, the state transformed the basis of its own authority from democratic representation to a more precarious quasi-paternalism; in effect it became a victim protection agency. The very social atomisation and lack of political cohesion that underlies the politics of antisocial behaviour means that the authority of the state is constantly in question, despite the fact that its assumptions about the vulnerability of the public are widely shared. As such, the Hamilton curfew gave concrete expression to the attempt to re-engage a fragmented public around the issue of safety, and the difficulties this throws up. Criminalising mischief In contrast to the pragmatic approach of past political elites to the issue of crime and occasional panics about delinquent youth, the current elite has come to see crime, the fear of crime and antisocial behaviour as major ‘social problems’. With the emergence of New Labour in the 1990s any major political opposition to the issue of crime as a key social problem has disappeared and its centrality to political debate and public discourse was established. Under New Labour, however, the concerns being addressed and the ‘social problems’ being defined are less to do with crime and criminals than with annoying children and noisy neighbours. These petty irritations of everyday life have been relabelled ‘antisocial behaviour’, something which is understood to be undermining both individuals’ and society’s sense of well being. At its most ridiculous extreme what we are witnessing is the criminalisation of mischief (24). Basil Curley, Manc hester council’s housing executive, told the Guardian: ‘Yes, we used to bang on doors when we were young. But there used to be badger-baiting once, too. It’s different now, isn’t it? Things are moving on; people want to live differently.’ (25) This casual comparison of children playing ‘knocky door neighbour’ with the brutality of badger-baiting tells us nothing about young people, but indicates that what has changed is the adult world with an inflated sense of vulnerability driving all antisocial behaviour initiatives. For New Labour the problem of the disaggregation of communities and the subsequent culture of fear that grew out of the 1980s was located within politics as a problem of crime and disorder. Devoid of a sense of social progress, in the 1990s it was the political elites – both right and left – who became the driving force for reinterpreting social problems within a framework of community safety. Lacking any coherent political direction, the government has both reacted to and reinforced panics about crime and disorder, institutionalising practices and initiatives based upon society’s sense of fear and anxiety. In an attempt both to regulate society and to reengage the public, over the past eight years New Labour has subsequently encouraged communities to participate in and organise around a raft of safety initiatives. Despite the fall in the official crime statistics society’s sense of insecurity has remained endemic and no ‘sense of community’ has been re-established, much to the government’s frustration. However, rather than recognising that constructing a society around the issue of safety has only helped to further the public’s sense of insecurity, New Labour is becoming ever more reactive and developing more and more policies to regulate a growing range of ‘antisocial’ activities and forms of behaviour. By thrashing around for solutions to the ‘politics of behaviour’ in this way, the government is helping to fuel the spiral of fear and alienation across society. Rather than validating the more robust active side of our character, validation is given to the most passive self-doubting aspects of our personality. Communities and a society that is more at ease with itself would expect men and women of character to resolve problems of everyday life themselves, and would equally condemn those who constantly deferred to the authorities as being antisocial. Today, however, we are all being encouraged to act in an antisocial manner and demand antisocial behaviour orders on our neighbours and their children. Rather than looking someone in the eye and resolving the incivilities we often face, we can increasingly rely on the CCTV cameras to do this, or alternatively look to the community wardens, the neighbourhood police and the antisocial task force to resolve these problems for us. We are told to act responsibly, but are expected to call on others to be responsible for dealing with noisy neighbours or rowdy children. As this approach develops a new public mood is being created, a mood based on the notion of ‘safety first’ where an increasing number of people and problems become the concern of the police and local authorities. This weakened sense of individuals is a reflection of the political elite itself, which lacks the moral force and political direction that could help develop a sense of community. Ultimately, it is the crisis of politics that is the basis for the preoccupation with curtain-twitching issues – the product of an antisocial elite, which is ultimately creating a society in its own image.

13 Situations When You Shouldnt Say Im Sorry at Work

13 Situations When You Shouldnt Say Im Sorry at Work Failing to apologize for your mistakes is a big sin in the workplace. It can cost you good coworker relationships- or worse, your job. But on the other hand, constantly apologizing, starting sentences with â€Å"I’m sorry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or prefacing everything you say with â€Å"Sorry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  can make you seem weak, insecure, or indecisive. Politeness is one thing, being a doormat is another. It’s also not advisable to use â€Å"I’m sorry† as conversation filler, just like you wouldn’t use â€Å"like† or â€Å"um.† Here are 13 particular circumstances in which you should never say I’m sorry:1. When you’re really #notsorryPeople can tell when you’re being insecure. Just like dogs can smell fear. If your sorry is very clearly sarcastic or insecure, don’t even bother saying it.2. When you  didn’t do anythingAka when you have nothing to say you’re sorry for. It’s not polite to throw in a ton of meaningless apologies for normal things like expressing an opinion or ducking into the restroom.3. When you’re sticking to your principlesA coworker, or even your boss, is suggesting you do something off your moral tracks. It’s okay to stand up for yourself. You don’t need to preface your â€Å"I don’t believe it’s right to lie [cheat/steal/defraud/etc.]† with an â€Å"I’m sorry.† You shouldn’t be.4. When it’s your badYou’re late or you didn’t finish a project on time. Don’t just fling out a â€Å"Sorry!† and hope that you’ll be immediately exculpated. In short: don’t abdicate your responsibility too often.5. When it plants a bad seedYou may know that you didn’t spend quite enough time on that presentation, but there’s absolutely no reason to lead it off with that fact and an apology. Do the best with what you have and don’t give them a re ason to doubt your work before you’ve managed to present it.6. When you’re not prepared to own itSometimes we say sorry and consider it the end of the road. Forgiveness granted! If you’re going to wield the word, be prepared for the apology recipient not to get over it immediately. Some mistakes or wounds take time to heal and build back trust. Recognize when someone is perhaps not ready to forgive you.7. When you quitYou’re not sorry you’re taking another job. If you were, you wouldn’t be taking it in the first place. Leading with an apology in this situation also opens the door for your boss to try and guilt you into staying. Better to stand firm and get out the door with good feelings on both sides.8. When you had nothing to do with itIt’s much better to save your apologies for when you can and should assume 100% responsibility for the situation. Throwing ‘sorry’s around about things that were not in your control or in any way your fault will just take power away from you when you need to wield an apology for real.9. When someone asks you to pass their apology alongIf someone tells you to tell someone else that they’re sorry for [insert whatever actually bad thing they might have done], just stay out of it. Pass along the information that so-and-so wanted to say something to them or speak to them, and let it go at that. Don’t do their dirty work. If it’s just an innocent â€Å"Jane says sorry she couldn’t be here; she’s giving birth to her second child!† then that’s probably safe to pass along. Just stay away from the hairier stuff.10. When you’re in the middle of debateYou’re having a heated argument, or a debate full of passion. The last thing you want to do is throw in a â€Å"sorry† to minimize the conflict, i.e. â€Å"sorry, I just don’t agree†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It weakens your position and it will almost always ring in sincere.11. When you’re genuinely upsetSomeone does something legitimately upsetting to you or near you. You object. You’re more than justified in calling them out on their behavior. The last thing you want to do here is to say sorry first. â€Å"I’m sorry, but that was wrong† doesn’t leave enough room for the actual apology that you should be receiving from the wrong-doer.12. When you’re asking for somethingâ€Å"I’m sorry, but could you [help me with/do for me/save the day]† is not a good thing to say when asking for help. If you actually felt bad, you wouldn’t have asked. Instead, after asking simply, humbly, and clearly, say thank you. Which should be what you really mean to say.13. When the moment has passedEspecially if you’ve already apologized and everyone is already over it. Don’t rehash the past. Move forward! If you’re really still beating yourself up over something, then put that energy i nto making sure you never make that mistake again. No need to dredge up old drama. Keep moving forward instead.

Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay Essays

Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay Essays Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay Paper Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay Paper Essay Topic: Poes Short Stories An Undergraduate ThesisPresented to the Faculty of theCollege of Humanistic disciplines and SciencesUniversity of Southeastern PhilippinesBo. Obrero. Davao City In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirments for the DegreeOf Bachelor of Arts in Literature Cheah Kaye RosalesCharisma J. Tabingo October 2013 AbstractionROSALES. CHEAH KAYE and TABINGO. CHARISMA J. . University of Southeastern Philippines. Davao City. â€Å"Short Narratives by Selected Women Writers† Adviser: Prof. Dayenne SipacoThis survey was conducted to find the usual Form of the five short narratives. It is besides analyzed the events and character’s state of affairs in the narrative. The Formalistic Approach was used in the survey. The survey found that the Hagiographas of the five writers Kerima Polotan Tuvera. Aida Rivera Ford and Irish Shiela Crisostomo show their great cognition of the Philippine history. This survey was conducted through the usage of Formalistic Approach. The research workers gathered all five short narratives by selected adult females authors and read the narrative. analyzed and studied. The research workers use the formalized attack to analyse the signifier of the survey. We choose form for easy to do the construction of this survey. Furtheremore. this survey analyze the elements used in Kerima Polotan-Tuvera’s The Virgin and A House Full of Daughters. Aida Rivera-Ford’s Love in the Cornhusk and The chieftest Mourner and Iris Shi ela G. Crosostomo’s The Steel Brassiere. The chapter 1 included the job and its scene. It is besides include the statement of the job. the significance of the survey. range and restriction of the survey and definition of thr elements used. The chapter 2 discusses the reappraisal of related literature and surveies. the secret plan sum-up and the author’s lifes and the attack used in the survey. Theoretical and conceptual model was besides included. In the chapter 3. the research design. research instrument. research procedure and research venue are besides included in this chapter. Presentation. analysis and reading which employed formalized attack were in chapter 4. The drumhead. decision and recommendation were besides shown in chapter 5. The tabular arraies of the five short narratives are in the appendices including the elements used in this survey. APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfilment of the demands for the grade. Bachelor of Humanistic disciplines in literature. thesis entitled â€Å"Short Narratives by Selected Women Writers† prepared and submitted by Cheah Kaye Rosales and Charisma J. Tabingo. is herewith recommended for blessing and credence. Prof. Dayenne Sipaco Adviser Approved by the Committee on Oral Defense with a class of _______ . DR. MA. RITA C. TUBAN DR. PATRICIA O. ELBANBUENA Panelist Panelist Accepted as partial fulfilment of the demands for the grade. Bachelor of Humanistic disciplines in Literature. DR. MILAGROS D. ARQUILLANO DR. EVEYTH P. DELIGERO Director. Evening Program Dean. College of Arts and Sciences Recognition The research workers would wish to thank the undermentioned persons who helped a batch in doing this research and survey: Prof. Dayenne Sipaco. ourv advisor. thank you for assisting us to do and complete this survey. thank you for your apprehension. forbearance and unfavorable judgment. To our panel members. Dr. Ma. Rita C. Tuban and Dr. Patricia O. Elbanbuena. thank you for your forbearance. understanding and giving us a good thought in this survey. To our parents. thank you for the support in fiscal and moral support. Thank you for the encouragement and supplications. And most particularly to our all-powerful God. thank you for giving us a strenght. counsel. cognition and good wellness to complete this survey. C. K. R and C. J. T Table OF CONTENTS PageDeclaration of Originality †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . one Title Page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ two Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ three Approval Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . V Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . six Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . seven List of Tables †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ten List of Figures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . eleven Chapter1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Statement of the Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Significance of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Scope and Limitation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Definition of Footings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Plot Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Related Studies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Testimonies on The Virgin †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Testimonies on A House Full of Daughters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Testimonies on Love in the Cornhusk †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Testimonies on The Chieftest Mourner †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Testimonies on The Steel Brassiere †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Formalistic Approach †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Conceptual Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. Method Research Design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Research Instrument †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Research Locale †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Research Procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. PRESENTATION. ANALYSIS AND Interpretation OF DATA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Form and Content †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Elementss †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Similarities and Differences of the Short Stories †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Analysis Data †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . 5. SUMMARY. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Recommendation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . APPENDICES Appendix A TableThe Virgin †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . A House Full of Daughters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Love in the Cornhusk †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . The Chieftest Mourner †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . The Steel Brassiere †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . The Five Short Narratives The Virgin by Kerima Polotan-Tuvera†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . A House Full of Daughters by Kerime Polotan-Tuvera†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Love in the Cornhusk by Aida Rivera-Ford†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . The Chieftest Mourner by Aida Rivera Ford†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Steel Brassiere by Iris Shiela G. Crisostomo†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ BIBLIOGRAPHY CURRICULUM VITAE List OF FIGURESFigure1. 1 Conceptual Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 2 Plot Structure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 1THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGLiterature is the art of written work and can. in some fortunes. refer entirely to print beginnings. The word literature literally means â€Å"things made from letters† and the pars pro toto term â€Å"letters† is sometimes used to mean â€Å"literature. † as in the figures of address â€Å"arts and letters† and â€Å"man of letters† . A short narrative is a brief work literature. normally written in narrative prose. In so making. short narratives make usage of secret plan. resonance and other dynamic constituents to a far greater grade than is typical of an anecdote. yet to a far lesser grade than a novel. While the short narrative is mostly distinguishable from the novel. writers of both by and large draw from a common pool of literary techniques. In Philippines. the most noteworthy literature was written during the Spanish period and the first half of the twentieth century in Spanish linguistic communication. I t includes the fables of prehistoric culture. and the colonial bequest of the Philippines. The history of Filipino adult females authors is an history of how they became literary â€Å"mistresses of the ink† and â€Å"lady pen-pushers† who created plants of fiction or factual and historical storybooks. poesy. novels. short narratives. essays. lifes. autobiographies and other known composing genres. Writing in English. Spanish. Filipino and other linguistic communications. female authors from the archipelago utilised literature. in contrast with the unwritten tradition of the past. as the life voices of their personal experiences. ideas. consciousness. constructs of themselves. society. political relations. Philippines and universe history. The job that the research workers have noticed that some of us have hapless in composing accomplishments particularly the college pupils presents. The advocates believe that proper usage of elements. which are the chief ingredients in composing art of the pupils. There are many topics that focus on the proper manner of authorship. Some pupils do non develop their authorship accomplishments. These job consequence to a bigger issue which is the lesser Filipino authored books being published and read in the state today. The demand to turn to the issue is the ground for carry oning this research which aims to assist future Filipino authors how to utilize decently the elements in composing. With the usage of Formalistic Approach the research workers study the novels and how the writers used the elements in accomplishing the signifier of their narratives to leave these to the hereafter Filipino authors. The Virgin by Kerima Polotan-Tuvera is a narrative about Miss Mijares. the stereotyped uptight. conventional. old fashioned and rigorous old maid. For a long clip. she’s been populating in a everyday life. When she met the cat. she’s attracted to him because he doesn’t â€Å"fear† her. She loses herself when she’s with him. but non wholly. The symbolism of her acquiring lost literally is the manner she feels with the cat. She is sloging on to a entirely different and new experience. She finds herself caring for the adult male – a low-level – but she didn’t attention. When she found out that he has a boy. she felt betrayed – her feelings betrayed. This is what she is acquiring into – non all of the things are in her control. In the terminal. she let’s travel of all her suppressions. A House Full of Daughters besides by Kerima Polotan-Tuvera is a narrative about a female parent who has seven girls. and realize s that it’s non about something to give wealthiest to her kids. but what matters most how good maternity she gives in order to do them good girls. Love in the Cornhusk by Aida Rivera-Ford is another sort of love narrative. But the stoping is non like the other love narrative that they live merrily of all time after in the terminal. In this narrative. they’re love did non last till the terminal. The miss marries person alternatively of the cat that she loves. The narrative shows that â€Å"true love waits† . The Chieftest Mourner besides by Aida Rivera-Ford is a narrative of â€Å"another woman† . Even if the Legal married woman did suffer with her hubby while they are together. it’s non her. who helped the narrator’s Uncle when he was in his lowest minute of his life. And it was the other adult female who did a great forfeit for the uncle and she mourned greatly upon his decease. But it is non advisable that immature adult females or adult female should be â€Å"The other woman† because every bit far as society is concerned. it is a wickedness. The research workers decided to carry on this survey because The Virgin and House Full of Daughters by KerimaPolotan-Tuvera. Love in the Cornhusks and The Chieftest Mourner by Aida Rivera-Ford and The Steel Brassiere by Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo are all written by Philippine adult females authors. Since formalized attack. frequently referred to as the New Criticism. it assumes that a work of literary art is an organic integrity in which every component contributes to the entire significance of a work. The advocates of this survey chose five short narratives that would stand for the attending of the readers to look for different structural relationships and patterns non merely in words and their relationships but besides in larger units such as the short narratives of the different adult females authors in structuring the secret plan. the puting including its existent topographic point and clip and its atmosphere. point of position. subject and linguistic communication that may lend t o the singularity of each work. Statement of the ProblemThis survey was intended at look intoing. understanding and measuring the similarities and differences in the relationship of assorted formal elements of a text to do up a whole in the short narratives by the adult females authors through formalized attack. Furthermore. the survey seeks to reply the undermentioned inquiries: 1. What is the signifier of the selected short narratives? a. PutingB. Word picturec. Plot Structured. Point of positione. Theme2. What are the short narratives similarities and differences in footings of signifier? Significance of the StudyThe survey is intended to profit the followers: Students. The survey may help chiefly the literature big leagues as they expand their consciousness of the application of formalized attack that will farther heighten their positive response to the universe of literature. College of Arts and Sciences. This survey may heighten the instruction attack in literature. The survey may continue auxiliary acquisition in reading short narratives. This survey undergoes legion procedures to come up with a factual and dependable consequence. Therefore. acquisition in this instance can be more interesting and it will assist them to delve deeper their apprehension of the work. Literature Curriculum. The survey may assist to understand to the full how a work of an art is analyzed utilizing a specific attack. peculiarly formalism. These may assist better the current stragedy used in literary unfavorable judgment. Through this. there will be betterment in critical analysis and doing a short narrative. Bing good in literary unfavorable judgment will assist to hold better analysis in analyzing literary plants. Scope and Limitation of the Study The survey explored the different structural forms. every bit good as understanding the signifiers which the five short narratives are portrayed through an analysis of characters. secret plan. scene. point of position. manner and tone. This survey was limited to the short stories The Virgin and House Full of Daughters by KerimaPolotan-Tuvera. Love in the Cornhusk and The Chieftest Mourner by Aida Rivera-Ford and The Steel Brassiere by Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo. Definition of Footings The followers are operationally defined harmonizing to how they are used in this survey. Short Story. A short narrative is a brief work of literature. normally written in narrative prose. Chieftest Mourner. Who suffered most. the kept woman or 2nd married woman ; because the 2nd married woman wants to turn out to the poet’s household that she has a great right to the dead organic structure of the poet instead than the legal married woman. Point of View. Author’s determination about who is to state the narrative and how it is to be told. Plot. The agreement of events that make up a narrative. For a secret plan to be effectual. it must include a sequence of incidents that bear a important causal relationship to each other. Puting. The clip and topographic point of the action in a narrative. verse form. or drama. Theme. A story’s subject is its thought or point. Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESThis chapter contains related literature and surveies. secret plan sum-up of the five short narratives. reappraisal of related surveies. formalized attack and the lifes of the three Filipino adult females authors. The reappraisal of related literature contains the information about the narrative. the individual behind their state of affairs and the reappraisals about them. These surveies discuss about the characters and their personalities. Formalistic Approach The 20th century formalized attack. frequently referred to as the new unfavorable judgment assumes that a work of literary art is an organic integrity in which every component contributes to the entire significance of the work. This attack is every bit old as literary unfavorable judgment itself. but it was developed in the 20th century by John Crowe Ransom ( 1884-1974 ) . Allen Tate ( 1899-1979 ) . T. S Elliot ( 1888-1965 ) and others. The formalist critic embraces an nonsubjective theory of art and examines secret plan. word picture. duologue and manner to demo how elements contribute to the subject or integrity of the literary work. Moral. historical. psychological and sociological concerns are considered extrinsic to unfavorable judgment and of secondary importance to the scrutiny of workmanship and signifier. Content and signifier in a work constitute a integrity. and it is the undertaking of the critic to analyze and measure the unity of the work. Paradox. sarcasm. dynamic tens eness and integrity are the primary values of formalist unfavorable judgment. The term formalism describes an accent on signifier over content or significance in the humanistic disciplines. literature. or doctrine. Formalism has the advantage of coercing authors to measure a work on its ain footings instead than to trust â€Å"accepted† impressions of the writer’s work. Formalism is intrinsic literary unfavorable judgment because it does non necessitate of any organic structure of cognition besides literature. Formalistic Approach first measure in explicating the literary work is to detect what the words really mean in their full denotative and connotative value. The object of formalized unfavorable judgment is to happen the key to the construction and significance of the literary work. Related Literature This portion includes the sum-up of the five short narratives to give the readers a brief image of the narrative. Author’s lifes of The Virgin. A House Full of Daughters. Love in the Cornhusk. The Chieftest Mourner and The Steel Brassiere are besides included so as to give the readers an information about their lives and inspirations. The Formalist Approach which is used by the advocates is besides discussed to allow the readers understand how the research is being conducted. Finally the reappraisals about the narratives are besides found in this chapter to give the readers a glance and thought on the feedbacks of the people who have read it. Plot Summary The Virgin is a narrative is about a adult female named Miss Mijares. she doesn’t expression like 34. She was little. about bony but she had learned how to dress herself to accomplish those forms of her hips and bosom. She had pushed against the bed in heartache and besides in gratitude and thought that neither love nor glorification stood behind her. merely the empty shadows. Alone the room with her unburied dead. she had held up her custodies to the visible radiation. observing the midst lasting fingers. believing in a mixture of shame and resentment and guilt that she had neer touched a adult male. She met a jobseeker adult male. using to her in their woodcraft subdivision. They had talked along with the interview. and the adult male told her that he wasn’t married. She was frequently down at the hovel that housed their bureau’s woodcraft. speaking with Ato. his chief. traveling over to him with the list of old custodies due to let go of. They hired their work forces on a rotary motion footing and three months was the longest 1 could remain. The new manus was absent for a hebdomad. Miss Mijares waited on that Tuesday he foremost failed to describe for some grounds. Until. Miss Mijares got angry when she knew that the adult male lied to him that he wasn’t married. It rained that afternoon in one of the city’s fierce. unexpected boom storms. Without warning. it seemed to reflect outside Miss Mijares’ window a grey. unhappy expression. And the adult male calls her and apologized to her approximately why he lied. Up and down the empty. rain –beaten street she looked. It was as though that all at one time everyone else had died and they were in the universe. entirely. In her secret bosom. Miss Mijares’ immature dreams fluttered faintly to life. looking monstrous in the rain. near this adult male. looking monstrous but sweet overwhelming. She wanted to travel off from him but he had moved and brushed against her and where his touch had fallen. her flesh leaped. and she recalled how his custodies had looked that first twenty-four hours. lain tenderly on the border of her desk and about the wooden bird. in the dark she turned to him. A House Full of Daughters is a narrative about a female parent who has seven girls. She thought. Oklahoman possibly she could hold seven doweries or seven beauty parlours. She has a house full of seven immature adult females. a regular avalanche of feminineness. For her. there is some guilt in one’s maternity. retrieving with what heartbreak each girl had come because one had wanted boies alternatively. Her friends told her how lucky and blessed she was. She frequently burst into cryings and they thought she cried from joy. But she’s non one of those female parents maintaining a mark of what precisely the babe has to give. like nice apparels. jewellery. merriment and good time s. She has a friend. that she can state a complete female parent. beautiful in her gestation. beautiful in her maternity. Her friend has a manner of have oning pregnancy dresses that looks her elegant. She neer ate Sweets. maintaining purely to juices and vegetables. in short. she is a right female parent. But all of a sudden. her friend ran out of nowhere with another adult male and left those beautifully-tended babes. There is no moral here. but she suspected she would hold stayed if she did allowed her herself. with salvaging wit. the luxury of some errors. Her girls are reassigning their devotion from film actresses and dad vocalists to their school teachers and real-life friends. but they are mildy hostile to those who strain their speech patterns. She has caught one girl. 15. stock-still on the cemented walk. arrested on her manner place late afternoon by sounds she no longer hear. When they met for supper that dark. she seemed different. she couldn’t say a thing. so close and sad and her bosom constricted because she knew that her girl had a long manner to travel. If all that she has given a girl is a mere rightness. non rightness. mere signifier. non substance. If she distill maternity of about 20 old ages. that merely about amounts up all she taught them. Merely because she doesn’t want them accomplished such a thing but desiring it to be an experience for them. It is a miracl e to her life that her girls learned love from her. who wasn’t ever able to give it. she who wanted merely the beginning to last their figure. They lived in a big musty house canopied by antediluvian trees and they fight daily over the bathroom. seven immature adult females and this she sow. but in cheery confusion. they keep their good relationship. Love in the Cornhusk. Is a narrative about Tinang. she visits her former maestro. Senora. whom she was working for before she got married. While transporting her babe male child. she walks through the entryway of the house of her former Senora and run into his former immature maestro. Tito. and the Senora. Upon acquiring inside the house. Senora asks her some inquiries how her married life is together with his Bagobo hubby and besides how is it to be a female parent of a babe male child. Their conversation continues and they reach to the point of speaking about the tractor drivers of Senora. particularly the 1 who was good. Amado. After that. Tinang eventually tells her former Senora about her purpose of being at that place. The baptism of her babe is about to come and she wants Senora to be a Madrina or a Ninang to her kid. The relationship between Tinang and her former Senora with her household remains good. And so. Senora hurriedly agreed to be so and yet wants to supply baptismal apparels for the babe and the fee for the Priest. Before she left from Senora’s house. she was told by her that there is a missive for her in the apothecarys shop. which besides serves as the station office of the barrio. By that minute. she thought that person might be dead or possibly that missive comes from her sister. So she hastily takes her manner place and base on ballss by that apothecarys shop to acquire the missive. As she continues walking in a boggy route to her manner place. she tries to look for a topographic point where she could put down her babe. trusting that she could read the missive before she arrives place. Finally. she finds a good topographic point where she can halt for a piece. There is a Kamansi tree and under of it are scattered cornhusks. So. she prepares a pile of it utilizing her pes and laid her babe upon it. Then. she starts reading the missive. After making so. she finds out that the missive is a love missive. her first love missive. which comes from Amado. her fellow. stating that he does non desire to interrupt up with her when he left from the field of Senora without stating the ground why he did so. Time can non be back any longer. It is already excessively late that she discovers that Amado still loves her. However. she was non informed that his mother’s worst unwellness made him gone for some clip. Alternatively. Tinang marry a Bagobo adult male. whom owns 2 hectares of land. After all. what she does is merely to retrieve her yesteryear with Amado until the clip comes when she has to go forth upon detecting that a serpent is mousing towards her babe male child. In the terminal. she leaves the topographic point without detecting that her first love missive fell down among the cornhusks. The Chieftest Mourner. Is a narrative about narrator’s uncle. hubby of her Aunt Sophia is said to be dead. He was the last of a distinguishable school of Philippine poets and a fine-looking adult male. But. he was populating with another adult female. she brazenly followed his Uncle everyplace naming herself his married woman. a confusing state of affairs ensued. When people mentioned Uncle’s married woman. there was no manner of cognizing whether her Aunt Sophia or to the adult fema le. The storyteller was perplexing over who was to be the official widow at his funeral when word came that it was her. the storyteller to maintain Aunt Sophia’s company at the small chapel and there were merely a few people present. There were two adult females. each taking ownership of her part of the chapel merely as though bets had been laid. apparently forgetful of each other. yet uncovering by this studied neglect that each was really much aware of the other. Her Uncle’s kin surely made a short work of her Aunt and when she returned. her Aunt is sobbing. Equally though as to soothe her. one of the adult females said. in a susurration from the door. that the president himself was expected to come in the afternoon. Meanwhile. the adult female spoke in susurrations. and so the voices raised a trifle. Still. everybody is polite. There was no more speaking back and Forth and the all of a sudden the conversation wasn’t polite any longer. The adult female strikes. and angry talked to the kin. After her work stoppage to the kin. Aunt Sophia wants to halt her by delighting her kin. After all. the full woman’s face became ashen with daze and fury. She stood wordless. her face began to jerk and so the shortness of breath came and she tell them they can hold the dead organic structure and she left the entombment after. The Steel Brassiere is a about a married woman and her Tiya Anding’s steel bandeau. Her Tiya Anding was a friend who had no life relations. When she died. her house and the 300-square-meter batch reverted to the authorities. With the at hand destruction. she had hurriedly driven to that low residence trusting to salvage a few memories of a past life. One of the queerest things she recovered from the heap of old apparels was an old bandeau. It wasn’t tantrum for any immature lady’s chests because it was made non of soft cotton or lacing but of cold and difficult metal. The bandeau looked like pointed armour ready to debar an ax or a spear from the enemy–a certain protection for the delicate female flesh underneath. She remembered Madonna in her lean get-ups. net stockings and all. her breasts in similar. pointed cones. After while. the cold of the metal against her tegument produced a unusual feeling. The bandeau decently belonged to an ancient warrior princess yet she felt she was excessively weak to contend her ain bottles. She had married to L indoln for eight old ages but it felt like she had been populating with a alien. Lindoln was a good supplier. the gross revenues director of a pharmaceutical company that paid good. He gave her married woman a large house with a exuberant garden. a duteous amah and an first-class cook. There was nil more to inquire but she felt she truly had nil. She took her kids to the park. Later in the afternoon. they wandered through the resort area and exhausted clip forcing one another in a swing. Twin metal ironss fastened the swing to a horizontal steel saloon and one time once more the fell of the cold steel between her fingers made her think of her Tiya Anding’s chest armour. The rain was now falling harder and she was dripping moisture. Troting to the auto with the kids and they run to the parking batch. As expected. the kids came down with a cold and Lindoln kept her married woman up all dark with his how to be a good female parent talks. He barked so crawl into bed with his dorsum turned to her. She lay awake for what seemed like an hr before she heard a swoon snored. Then she went to the balcony for some air. She wanted to shout. She wanted to shout. She wanted to laugh if it would assist. She remembered her Tiya Anding. After tiffin. she helped the amah get the wash from the clothesline. After a few proceedingss under the hot noon Sun. she went back indoors to the kitchen for a cold glass of H2O. The feel of the cold hurler in her manus made her think of the cold metal she one time wore against her chest. The feel of the steel brassiere was as comforting and reassuring as the ice H2O running down to her pharynx. The phone was pealing and it was Lindoln. Her hubby told her that he’s friend Jimmy will be coming for dinner but the line was bad and she told her hubby to name her once more. But all of a sudden. when the phone rang once more and once more. she doesn’t put the phone up any longer. For her. the steel bandeau reminds her as her Tiya Anding’s words of soothing and reassuring. Review of Related Studies In this portion. the advocates include the critical analysis made on the five short narratives. This is to do the readers understand the narrative deeply. In add-on. the research workers aim to explicate to the audience how and in what manner the narratives are being presented by its several writers. This includes the surveies related to the characters and events in the narratives. Testimonies on The Virgin. In the book of The Virgin. Kerima Polotan-Tuvera showed her composing accomplishments to the readers about adult females personalities and state of affairs. The narrative was created passionately and beautiful for adult females who have battles about love. Based on the short narrative. the assorted personalities that the chief character named Miss Mijares showcased were her stiff and distant behaviour wherein her high quality to herself makes her unfriendly and detached to other people. Besides her attitude when it comes to covering with people wherein she frequently humiliates t hem by inquiring them inquiries with respects to their standing in the society. Furthermore. her life was effusively based on caring for her ailing female parent and seting to school her niece therefore. her realisation to herself when it comes to her ain personal life such as love and matrimony was eluded. Miss Mijares is a thirty-four-year-old adult female who works at a occupation arrangement bureau wherein her position in life has put her into a state of affairs of assisting first her household before herself. The major jobs that Miss Mijares encountered in the narrative was the decease of her female parent wherein she mourned on that really twenty-four hours necessitating her mother’s flesh and fighting to maintain herself strong which besides changed her ideals in life which made her high quality as a adult females more resilient. Another job that she encountered was facing her emotions particularly with her feelings to the new adult male at the woodworking store wherein during the interview and application for the occupation. Miss Mijares shows a b ossy or chesty sort of personality towards the cat. furthermore she was inadvertently drawn to the adult male particularly during the clip that both of them were stranded on an unknown street because of heavy rain and Miss Mijares driven by her feeling and emotions to the cat allowed herself to the invitation of the adult male. Testimonies on A House Full of Daughters. Another short narrative of Kerima Polotan-Tuvera that she created the narrative as inspiration for the adult females and particularly to those who work so hard to raise their kids. The narrative was originative and beautiful that Kerima was utilizing a female character or the storyteller of the narrative to demo how maternity is of import. Harmonizing to the narrative. â€Å"the fatal mistake of most adult females is to allow maternity surround them to be so sold on its high mission and incalculable intent. as to believe that there is nil more subsequently. Daughters outgrow their daughterhood and when that happens. what have you got but old dentition rings and some obscure memories? † Surely. the storyteller of the narrative showed her side to the readers that a maternity means new dimensions. a new degree of hurting. another deepness of grief. a truer tallness of joy. but justly or wrongly. she fight against holding her girls loom so big in her life that the other people drown her. She struggled for air and as a effect broke many of the regulations. We can state that the storyteller of the narrative is Kerima Tuvera. as she portrays the narrative. there might be connected to her or possibly she encountered other adult female like the storyteller or possibly she have experience with it. Kerima was utilizing her originative accomplishments that she compose this narrative to show her side to the readers that being wish her as a female parent has a large intent and of import. Aside in the narrative. the storyteller has a friend. a complete female parent. a beautiful maternity. which ran off with her adult male and leaves her good hubby and her beautiful babes. Kerima wants to cognize the readers that why this complete female parent runs off with her adult male? It’s because she’s afraid of her duties from her hubby and her kids? In short. this complete female parent wants to go forth her duties. The narrative was simple yet it has a moral lesson for those adult females who afraid of their duties and for those who leave their duties. â€Å"There is a universe beyond the one circumscribed by acrid covers and moist gum elastic sheets. and the immature female parent must mouse off to reassure herself of its herself of her being so that she might return. strong plenty for her other. more immediate existence. † Testimonies on Love in the Cornhusk. Aida Rivera-Ford has lived with her hubby in their big farm in Davao. In connexion to this. the short narrative of Love in the Cornhusks is someway related with her life like its barrio scene and the features of the Characters every bit good. Possibly. the chief character is a adult female based on the fact that the author of this short narrative is a adult female excessively. The narrative is really simple. easy to understand and yet realistic. It begins in a state of affairs where the chief character. Tinang. starts her twenty-f our hours as she visits her Senora with a good vibration that shifted to a different one recently. With a small similarity with the Telenovelas shown in telecasting. this narrative shows that a lowly 1. a nanny and a barrio miss. can be its chief character. whom is sing turns in her life. However. she did non see some sorts of maltreatments nor holding an enemy in her life because the narrative is emphasizing non on these affairs but on how determinations a individual does could impact his or her full life. The writer made the life of Tinang centered between two work forces. The Bagobo. her hubby and Amado do non talk in the narrative but they are characterized otherwise with each other. It appears that her hubby. the Bagobo. is a simple adult male. whom is satisfied of being a husbandman with the two hectares of land for his household. On one manus. Amado. the one she loved before her hubby. is portrayed as a tractor driver. whom wears formal apparels every Saturday and a yet adult male who gives importance to his hereafter as he wants to analyze mechanical technology someday. Marrying is non a gag and to get married the bagobo is non merely a happenstance in Tinan’s life but it is her determination when she did so. even if she did non cognize yet the ground why Amado had all of a sudden gone. The last portion of the narrative has some symbolic figures. Tinang still loves Amado even after she got married to her hubby. Reading the missive is a minute when Tinang’s feeling for Amado has reawakened. To call is the first thing she does. so. she tries to remember her first experiences with him. A serpent comes in the scene sneaking towards her babe. That serpent is the represent of such find and poses menace towards her relationship with her household. Why the serpent is traveling to her babe? It is because that serpent. if Tinang lets herself be taken by her emotion. can destruct her relationship with her Bagobo hubby. Indeed. the serpent is about to assail her boy for he is the symbol and the fruit of the love that she and her hubby shared together. In the terminal of the narrative. the author’s symbolisms are stating that Tinang chooses to accept the effects in the determination she made in her life. First. she stands up from her sitting place stating that life must travel on ; so she embraced the babe stating that she has to encompass her ain effects and state of affairss and particularly the people whom God has given to her ; following. she prayed and beg the Godhead non to penalize her after believing other things outside from her married life stating that she realizes that her ideas are incorrect ; afterwards. she checks the tegument of the babe seeking for some Markss demoing the possible cicatrixs in her married life after transmigrating the feelings she one time had with Amado ; and the last 1. the missive fell unnoticed among the cornhusk stating that she leaves that impulse without cognizing that her really strong feeling and yearning to Amado. if is non wholly gone yet. is at least alleviated and is left among the cornhusks. which is meant to be see as merely a portion of her life. Testimonies on The Chieftest Mourner. Testimonies on The Steel Brassiere.Theoretical Framework of the StudyThe Formalistic Approach stresses the close reading of the text and insists that all statements about the work be supported by mentions to the text. Formalistic Approach is used in this survey to delve deeper in the elements. In the Formalistic Approach the informations are presented. analyzed and interpreted. Formalism refers to critical attacks that analyze. interpret or measure built-in characteristics of a text. FORMALISTIC APPROACH PutingFictional charactersPoint of ViewPlot StructureExpositionComplicationConflictClimaxResolutionSubjectFigure 1CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The Virgin and House Full of Daughtersby: Kerima Polotan-Tuvera Love in the Conhusks and The Chieftest Mournerby: Aida Rivera-Ford The Steel Brassiereby: Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo In this survey. wherein the advocates used formalized attack. all elements mentioned must be taken to wholly accomplish the ideal signifier of a work of art. Provided by the information given in this chapter. this survey produced an analysis utilizing an attack applied to the five short narratives and ignored the factors outside the text. This survey used the formalized attack that focused merely in the internal elements that the five short narratives contained. BiographiesKerimaPolotan-Tuvera ( December 16. 1925- August 19. 2011 ) was a Filipino writer. She was a celebrated and extremely well-thought-of fictionist. litterateur and journalists. with her plants holding received among the highest literary differentiations of the Philippines. Aida Rivera-Ford was born in Sulu. She crossed over to Negros Oriental in 1949 for an English grade at Siliman University. Records toast her as the first editor of Sands and Coral. the school’s literary pagination. In 1954. she flew to the University of Michigan on a Fulbright grant to procure her master’s grade in English. Her work â€Å"Love in the Cornhusks† is one of five well-crafted narratives for which Rivera-Ford won the Jules A ; Avery Hopwood Prize in Michigan. In 1955. the Sunday Chronicle’s This Week magazine featured the award winning narrative. with illustration by RodDayao. From N. V. M Gonzales to Epifanio San Juan. critics were one in acclaiming the narrative w ith uncommon congratulations. mentioning its consummate nuance but besides its earnest vision- a rare instance of art predominating upon all credos and manners of persuasion. Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo has a grade in communicating humanistic disciplines from University of the Philippines at Los Banos. She is acquiring her MFA at Dela Salle University while working at the National Commission for Culture and Humanistic disciplines. Chapter 3MethodThis chapter presents the method used in carry oning the narrative. Research Design The proponent’s uses descriptive method and they are now to show the information in a descriptive mode. It enabled the advocates to depict or show the image of events under the probe and analysis. The descriptive method of research was used for this survey. The research workers focused in showing the signifier used in the five short narratives. The primary end for formalized attack is to find how such elements work together with the text’s content to determine its effects upon readers. In this survey. its purpose is to analyze the elements such as puting. character. point of position. secret plan construction and subject. Research Instrument This portion shows how the research workers organize the information gathered. The elements of the five short narratives are placed in the tabular array. Puting. characters. point of position. secret plan construction such as expounding. complication. struggle. flood tide and resolution/denouement and subject. Short STORIESSettingFictional charactersPOIN OF VIEWPlot STRUCTURE( Exposition. Complication. Conflict. Climax and declaration or denouement SubjectThe Virgin A House Full of Daughters Love in the Cornhusk The Chieftest Mourner The Steel Brassiere RESEARCH LOCALEThis survey was conducted within the USEP Campus. specifically at the CAS Learning Center and Library. Other auxiliary information was gathered through the usage of cyberspace. RESEARCH PROCESS Initial background enquiry of the readying and needed stuffs were done such as reading the primary beginnings ( the short stories The Virgin and House Full of Daughters by K. P. Tuvera. Love in the Cornhusks and The Chieftest Mourner by A. R. Ford and The Steel Brassiere by I. S. Crisostomo ) . The beginnings that came from the books ( Handbook of Critical Approaches. etc. ) and through Internet research are used as secondary beginnings. RESEARCH PROCEDURE The advocates for this survey get down the research by choosing the five short narratives by different female writers that involvement them the most and are they had to be worthy of the probe. When the primary beginnings ( the short narratives ) are at manus. the advocates started to read. analyze and construe the plants to analyze what attack was suited to be applied. The advocates picked out an issue that needed geographic expeditions and farther survey from the short narratives and they were able to place the similarities and differences in the narratives through the elements of the secret plan. puting. characters. subject and point of position. To derive more thoughts and information that would back up the survey. the advocates will besides accessed the secondary beginnings from the cyberspace and they made usage of thesis as mentions found in the University Library and CAS Learning Research Center. When the information and information had been gathered. the advocates organized them in meaningful pieces of information. Here. the ability of the advocates in fiting the information was related to how the research was tested. After the paper was organized. the advocates ended by showing the decision with all the groundss and cogent evidence that would back up the research mentioned. Chapter 4PRESENTATION. ANALYSIS. AND INTERPRETATION OF DATAThis subdivision contains the collected information of the research workers in the topic of the survey. It besides includes the analysis and reading of informations. Form and Content of the Short Narratives Table 1. It is the content of the short stories The Virgin and House Full of Daughters by KerimaPolotan-Tuvera. Love in the Cornhusks and The Chieftest Mourner by Aida Rivera-Ford and The Steel Brassiere by Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo. The content includes the scene that determines the clip and topographic point of the short narratives. characters. secret plan with its parts: expounding. complication. struggle. flood tide. declaration and denouement. The other component is the point of position which identifies how the short narratives are told. Last. the subject. which is the cardinal thought of the narrative that will function as a message to the readers. The VirginThe narrative of The Virgin is set in the office of Miss Mijares. She is the chief character in the narrative. a individual. non look 34 and non precisely an ugly adult female. she was no beauty and she did believe of love. â€Å"She had gone through all these with remarkable forbearance. for it had so her that love stood behineemed vitamin D her. staying her clip. a quiet manus upon her shoulder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The narrative was told in a 3rd individual limited where in the storyteller merely tells the narrative and focuses to the supporter. The expounding includes the background information about the chief character. about her life. the people outside her and their attitude toward her. The narrative starts in a supporter. Miss Mijares where she interviews her appliers in her office. She went to the cafeteria and went back to her office after. When she talked with the idle across her desk. inquiring them the cursing inquiries that completed their humiliation. watching pale linguas run over dry lips. soil crusted handkerchiefs waver in trembling custodies. she was filled with an restlessness she could non understand. â€Å"Sign here. she had said 1000s of times. forcing the familiar signifier across. her finger held to a line. experiencing the restlessness grow at sight of the adult male or adult female following a hesitating Ten or puting the impress of a thumb† The complication is when Miss Mijares interview the adult male. one of her appliers besides. When she returned to the black replacing office. the adult male stood by window. his dorsum to her. half-bending over something he held in his custodies. â€Å"In his custodies. he held her paperweight. an ol d gift from long ago. He had turned it and with the knife tightened the prison guards and dusted it. In this man’s hands. cupped like that. it look all of a sudden like a dove† Miss Mijares is denying herself about her feelings to the adult male and this adult male wills neer her love. But when the adult male was absent for a hebdomad. Miss Mijares waited on that Tuesday he foremost failed to describe for some word from him. in the absence of a definite notice. person else who needed a occupation severely was kept off from it. â€Å"I went to the state. ma’am. he said. on his return. You could hold sent person to state us. she said. It was an exigency. ma’am. my boy died. he said How so? She asked. A slow bitter choler began to from inside her. But you said you were non married! she said. No ma’am. he said gesturing. And she asked him aloud. are you married? And the adult male said. No ma’am. She asked once more. but you have†¦you have a boy! And the adult ma le replied. I am non married to his female parent. he said grinning doltishly. A flower had climbed to his face. perfusing it. and two big throbbing venas crawled along his temples. Miss Mijares looked off. vomit all at one time. â€Å"You should hold told us everything. she said and she put forth custodies to keep her choler but it slipped off she stood agitating despite herself. Your lives are our concern here. she shouted. † The narrative ends in that twenty-four hours. it rained that afternoon in one of the city’s fierce. unexpected boom storms. Without warning. it seemed to reflect outside Miss MIjares window a grey. unhappy expression. It was past six when Miss Mijares. ventured outside the office. Night had come fleetly and from the dark sky the midst. black. rainy drape continues to fall.